Top Wildlife Sanctuaries to Visit in Karnataka

1. Bandipur National Park: Karnataka's Jewel of Wildlife

Amidst these magical landscapes, the Western Ghats is home to one of India's most celebrated and widely acclaimed wildlife sanctuaries, Bandipur National Park. It has an area of more than 874 square kilometers and falls within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, declared as a biodiversity hotspot by UNESCO. Home to thriving tigers, majestic elephants, and rich flora and fauna, Bandipur offers a truly unique experience for nature lovers, wildlife enthusiasts, and eco-tourists alike.

This guide will find us delving into what makes Bandipur National Park an extraordinary destination, including its history, unique biodiversity, attractions, the best time to visit, and tips for an unforgettable trip.

 History of Bandipur National Park

The Bandipur National Park was, in fact, developed in the early 20th century as a hunting reserve of the Maharaja of Mysore. It became declared a protected area in the year 1931 under the name Venugopala Wildlife Park; however, it sprawls over an area of 90 square kilometers.

Up to 1973, Bandipur was important because it was one of the earliest national parks that were under the project set by the Government of India to conserve dwindling populations of tigers. The area grew over the years and was established as Bandipur National Park. It is an artefact of Indian conservation efforts and harbors various endangered species.

Geography and Climate

Being situated at the tri-junction of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, Bandipur is rich in diversified topography. Here rolling hills, dense deciduous forests, and open grassy woodlands have featured. It lies within an elevation range of 680 to 1,454 meters above sea level. This has led to the provision of varied topographies, thus offering a large diversity of ecosystems.

The climate here is moderate in Bandipur and three distinct seasons have been noted.

• Summer (March to May): It is usually warm enough, about 24°C to 38°C. This is a great season for wildlife spotting since animals tend to group more around water sources.

• Monsoon (June to September): Rejuvenating vegetation with moderate to heavy rainfall makes the forest lush and green. Safaris may be restricted during this season, but it is an excellent season for nature photography.

• Winter (October to February): The winters are pleasantly warm; temperatures range between 15°C and 25°C. This is probably the best time to visit Bandipur for it has cool weather and wildlife is active.

 Flora: A verdant heaven

The Bandipur National Park boasts one of the greatest diversities of plant species, a paradise for any botanist to see. It is almost totally dry deciduous forest although patches and scrub forests are moist deciduous. Considerable species include:

• Teak (Tectona grandis): Teak is considered one of the longest living and finest tree species found in the Bandipur region.

• Sandalwood (Santalum album): The region's valuable and aromatic tree species.

• Indian Kino Tree (Pterocarpus marsupium): Hardwood species thrives in the park.

• Bamboo Groves: Bamboo forests cover Bandipur at different places. It is used for habitat and food by various wild animals, mainly elephants.

• Grasslands: Open grasslands with thick wild grasses harbor herbivorous species like deer and gaur.

These varied types of ecosystems give refuge to numerous wildlife but, besides preventing soil erosion and water cycles, maintain the ecological balance.

Fauna: The Stars of Bandipur

Bandipur National Park is rich in colourful fauna ranging from endangered species to apex predators and gentle herbivores. Take a closer look at its fauna:

Mammals

1. Tigers: Bandipur National Park is considered a core tiger habitat under Project Tiger and hosts a healthy tiger population. For the visitors on a safari, spotting these elusive big cats is quite a highlight.

2. Elephants: The Mysore Elephant Reserve has the Bandipur part in it, where a huge number of Indian elephants can be seen. Elephants are usually spotted near water bodies in herds.

3. Leopards: These shy predators live in the same habitat as tigers. They are normally seen in rocky areas.

4. Gaur: Also known as Indian bison. It is a large herbivore and easily seen in the grasslands of Bandipur.

5. Deer: Spotted deer (chital), sambar deer, and barking deer are commonly found in the park.

6. Sloth Bears: Sloth bears are normally found digging into termite mounds in search of termites and fruits.

Birds

Bandipur is a bird watcher's paradise with over 200 species recorded. Some of the highlights include;

• Peacocks, jungle fowl, and Malabar pied hornbills

• Raptors like crested serpent eagles and changeable hawk-eagles

• Painted storks and herons; migrant species

Reptiles

• Species of reptiles like Indian rock pythons, cobras, and monitor lizards exist in Bandipur.

• Crocodiles can be seen at times along the edges of water bodies.

Butterflies and Insects

There are thousands of butterflies that exist in the park. Examples include southern birdwing and common tiger butterfly.

 Activities and Attractions in Bandipur

a) Jeep Safaris

Jeep safari is one of the most sought after activities in Bandipur; people can enter the core zones of the park and view wild animals in their natural habitats. The ride is undertaken at morning and evening times when the animals are most active.

b) Nature Walks and Birdwatching

Bandipur is very suitable for nature walks, where one can obtain a close view of its flora and birdlife.

c) Gopalaswamy Betta

This scenic hill located inside the park has on its top a hundred years old temple devoted to Lord Gopalaswamy. This hill offers bird's eye view of the forest around it and is a wonderful location for taking photographs.

d) Eco-Tourism Activities

Bandipur practices eco-tourism by initiating education activities along with conservation ones. The tourists would get an insight into the ways through which the wildlife is protected at this park, thereby decreasing man-wild life conflicts.

Ideal Time for Visit to Bandipur

The ideal time to visit Bandipur National Park is during the periods of October to May. The season is pleasant and shows increased vigor among animals, thus raising the hope for animal encounters. Summer is warm but fruitful in nature while observing tigers and elephants in water bodies.

Accommodation

Bandipur offers various accommodation choices ranging from budget to luxury. Some of the notable options are:

• Jungle Lodges and Resorts: Karnataka Forest Department runs this one that offers an almost nature-behold experience to the guest.

• Private Resorts: Many resorts surrounding the park offer exclusive services such as pools, spa services, and safari drives.

• Government Guesthouses: It is very economical and is situated close to all places of attraction, and so is ideal for budget-conscious tourists.

How to Reach Bandipur

Book safaris in advance: Safari slots are highly demanded, and therefore one has to book the same in advance on their official website.

Do not stray close to the wildlife, and do not litter or make any noise during your visit to the park.

• Carry basic necessities: carry binoculars, a camera, sunscreen, a hat, and mosquito repellent for a delightful visit.

• No Flash Photography: Not to be taken of animals that will disturb it and is restricted while on a safari.

• Colorful Attire: Earth-tone clothes like green, brown, and beige must be donned for easy visibility into the wilderness.

Conservation and Challenges

It suffers from various problems of conservation that includes human-wildlife conflicts, forest fires, and encroachment. These are the problems park management is engaged with continuously as it involves community engagements with anti-poaching measures, habitat restoration, and the like. On visiting the Bandipur forest, the tourists indirectly support the model of eco-tourism that raises funds for work on conservation.

Why Bandipur is Unique

What makes Bandipur National Park special is the integral integration of wildlife, adventure tourism, and environment-friendly tourism. It is a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and, hence, allows interaction with other big reserves like Nagarhole, Mudumalai, and Wayanad, making up an essential corridor for the animals.

2. Nagarhole National Park: Heaven for Wildlife Enthusiasts

Nagarhole National Park also known as Rajiv Gandhi National Park has indeed been one of the most beautiful, biologically diverse places in India located at a height in the southern Karnataka region and spans 643 kilometers. This is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, very popular among the tourists for its landscape beauty, large wildlife population, and peaceful rivers crossing through the Nagarhole park, literally, 'Serpent River', by the word 'Nagarhole' which comes from the kannada language referring to the snake-winding streams here.

All aspects ranging from its special features and richness of biodiversity to visiting time and leading activities are what this in-depth article will tell you about the Nagarhole National Park.

History of Nagarhole National Park

Originally a royal hunting ground, meant for the entertainment of hunting by the kings of Mysore, Nagarhole has since 1955 been a wildlife sanctuary and it has been promoted to the status of national park since 1988. The site was made a core area of Project Tiger in 1999, and thus it is one of the most important tiger conservation sites. This change of the park from a royal hunting ground to a haven for wildlife conservation shows the commitment of India towards preserving its natural heritage.

Geology

Nagarhole lies between the two districts of Karnataka, namely Mysore and Kodagu (Coorg). It stretches from Kabini Reservoir southeast. The range of terrain inside the park presents a perfect ambiance for the survival of different species including dense deciduous forests, grassy open meadows, and hilly undulating areas.

Climate

Nagarhole has tropical climate with extreme seasons:

• Summer (March to May): 22°C - 40°C. It has several sightings, since the animals cluster around the water bodies.

• Monsoon (June to September): Heavy rain in the park and a good recovery of the flora makes the vegetation greenish. It may not perform the safari here during these times.

• Winter (October to February): It is a chilly winter season, quite cool, with temperature ranges from 10°C to 25°C. The season is ideal for conducting safaris.

 Flora: A Diverse Green Fabric

Nagarhole is characterized by different types of flora, primarily dry and moist deciduous forests, in addition to riverine and scrub forests. Some of the major species include:

• Rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia): Fine timber rosewood is abundant in the park.

• Teak (Tectona grandis): Teak trees dominate the landscape with tall presences.

• Indian Kino Tree (Pterocarpus marsupium): This is one of the important tree species in the flora of the park.

• Sandalwood (Santalum album): The park also houses the sandalwood trees, a fragrant wood specie

• Grassy Meadows: Grass meadows are grassy open spaces used by herbivorous for grazing pastures.

The flora of the park not only supports its high wildlife but also adds to the aesthetic beauty of the region.

Fauna: Diverse Wildlife Abode

Mammals

Nagarhole is famous for reclusive charismatic populations, particularly:

• Tigers: This tiger reserve, which is declared under Project Tiger, provides an opportunity to see the lovely animal, that, at times, makes tiger sighting as part of visiting attractions.

• Leopards: It is believed to be shy character, and Nagarhole forms a place where sightings of this most agile big cat are quite frequently found.

• Asiatic Elephants: Nagarhole is part of the nucleus zone of Mysore Elephant Reserve, and hence many herds are free to roam here.

• Sloth Bears: The bear or normally shaggy-coated bears can be spotted looking for food.

• Gaur: Gaur, the largest species of deer, graze in grassy meads of the park.

• Deer Species: Spotted deer (chital), sambar deer, and barking deer are very abundant in the park.

Birds

With more than 270 species of birds, Nagarhole is a paradise for birdwatchers. Some key species include:

• Malabar Trogon: The Malabar trogon is characterized by its vibrant plumage.

• Osprey: A fish-eating bird of prey usually seen around water bodies.

• Crested Serpent Eagle: A raptor commonly seen in the park.

• Peacocks and Kingfishers: Adding color to the bird life in the park.

Reptiles

The park has several reptiles, which include marsh crocodiles, pythons, cobras, and monitor lizards.

Spotlights and Attractions

a) Kabini Backwaters

The Kabini Reservoir lies at the southeastern corner of the park and is probably one of Nagarhole's high points. Dry years create an isolated landscape due to receding water tables, which attracts vast herds of elephants, gaur, and deer, thereby making it the ideal place for wildlife watching.

 b) Jungle Safaris

Nagarhole is known for its well-designed jungle safaris, through which visitors can get a view of the inner parts of the park and spot animals in their natural habitat. The safari is carried out in an open jeep or bus. The safari is taken by experienced guides.

c) Serene Water streams

The scenic beauty of the park has been greatly enhanced by the beautiful Kabini and Lakshmana Tirtha rivers that crisscross the park and are the principal source of water for the wildlife in the park.

d) Waterhole Observations

Waterholes are strategically placed inside the park; they are some of the best observation points when the animals come to drink, particularly in the dry season.

e) Attractions Adjacent to Nagarhole

Attractions such as the coffee plantations of Coorg and the Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary add value to a trip to Nagarhole.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Nagarhole National Park is during the period from October to May when, in these months, it experiences post-monsoon and winter seasons. The season is just perfect as there are very pleasing climatic conditions, and it's also quite rewarding for seeing animals. One can spot almost all animals during the summer season that ranges between March to May as it rains and creates water bodies at places. The safaris are very wonderful during the winters which are not as hot compared to those during the summer seasons.

Accommodation

Nagarhole offers a wide range of accommodation options for every pocket and preference:

• Jungle Lodges and Resorts: These lodge are run and operated by the Karnataka Forest Department as an eco-tourism destination with guided safari.

• Privately-owned resorts: Luxury resorts just beyond Kabini, such as Evolve Back or The Serai, offer an all-in-luxury experience with luxurious services.

• Homestays: Coorg with its homestays close by is a great personal and culturally rich experience. 

Tips for An Unforgettable Experience

• Plan ahead: Especially during peak time, book a safari and accommodation a little in advance.

• Wear Earthy Colors: Opt for neutral tones like green, beige, and brown to blend in with the surroundings.

• Carry Essentials: Bring binoculars, cameras, sunscreen, and insect repellent.

• Obey Park Rules: No noise making, littering, or feeding of animals.

• Patience: The animals are only seen randomly.

Conservation and Challenges

It has some conservation issues including habitat fragmentation and human-wildlife conflicts. There is also illegal poaching. The park authorities, NGOs, and local communities collaborate to ensure anti-poaching patrols, eco-development programs, and awareness campaigns.

Tourism to Nagarhole supports its model of eco-tourism, which funds wildlife conservation and also empowers local communities.

What is so special about Nagarhole

What makes Nagarhole unique is that it has breathtaking landscapes, wild animals, and well-managed tourism all perfectly amalgamated together. Being a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, it acts as an important ecological corridor for the movement of wildlife and is connected to other famous reserves like Bandipur and Mudumalai.

3. Bannerghatta National Park: A Wildlife Haven near Bangalore

Being located at just 22 kilometers from the noise of Bangalore city, Bannerghatta National Park is an oasis for fleeing into nature. It encompasses more than 104 square kilometers of ground and is beyond a haven for wildlife since it also acts as a center for conservation and education. Families, those who love nature, and the looker-on who wants to find an easy option within city limitations especially favors this place.

This guide explores the uniqueness of Bannerghatta National Park, from the unique attractions to visiting time.

History and Importance

The Bannerghatta National Park was established in the year 1971 to conserve and protect the high biodiversity of this region. Gradually, the national park has been developed into one of the prominent nature parks that Karnataka offers for visitors. There are several new attractions added including Butterfly Park, Biological Park, and Rescue Centre, making it an all-age tourist destination.

The park also houses a critical wildlife rescue and rehabilitation center with particular focus on animals rescued from circuses and unlawful confinement.

Geography and Topography

Location

Bannerghatta National Park lies in the Anekal Range, about 1245 meters above the sea level. Due to its closeness to Bangalore, it was one of the easiest access wildlife parks in the country. Topography

The park terrain consists of rocky outcrops, scrubland, deciduous forests, and grassy meadows, which together offer varied habitats for the flora and fauna.

Attractions of Bannerghatta National Park

a) Butterfly Park

The Butterfly Park is one of the attractions and an India-first-of-the-kind park. This place, housing more than 48 species of butterflies, is established amidst a beautiful garden of flowering plants, a museum, and an artificial waterfall. The enclosed butterfly conservatory feels like something out of a fantasy novel, with brilliant butterflies dancing all around you.

b) Safari Park

A. Safari Park is an exhilarating experience because it is a face-to-face view of wildlife within a semi-natural habitat. The safari park is divided into areas:

• Lion Safari: Observe Asiatic lions sauntering at their will.

• Tiger Safari: Observe Bengal tigers at majesty.

• Bear Safari: Watch sloth bears in the natural habitat.

• Herbivore Safari: Look at the ambulatory animals- deer, antelopes, and bison.

c) Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre

This place provides shelter to rescued animals that come from circuses, illegal captivity, or get injured in the wild. The center is an essential resource toward wildlife conservation, and visitors are made aware of the issue of animal welfare.

d) Zoo and Biological Park

There are various animals, reptiles, and birds that dwell in this environment and most of them have been kept in enclosures and therefore very close to the ecosystems they produce. The zoos feature species of panthers, elephants, and zebras among other other rare birds and would be an excellent educative venture for kids and adults as well.

Flora and Fauna

It abounds with flora with dry deciduous forests along with thorny scrublands and also patches of bamboos, which includes several medicinal ones. Two or three of these medicinal plants are actually incorporated into the making of traditional Indian medicine.

Animals

Bannerghatta National Park serves as the home to broad-range animals as mentioned in the classification:

• Mammals: These include Bengal tigers, Asiatic lions, sloth bears, leopards, and elephants.

• Reptiles: Indian rock pythons, cobras, and crocodiles.

• Birds: Peacocks, parakeets, hornbills, and kingfishers.

• Butterflies: There are many different species of butterflies, that could be seen in the Butterfly Park.

Activities and Experiences

a) Jungle Safari

The central entertainment of the park is the jungle safari. In the zones designated for carnivores and herbivores, tourists could see the various animal life up close yet safely.

b) Butterfly Watching

Take your time in the Butterfly Park just watching beautiful insects in nature's habitats and observing the very life cycle exhibited there in regard to the butterflies museum offers educative information.

c) Nature Walk

The park will be quite appropriate to walk; thus, a quiet landscape which hosts walks across will easily connect people to nature coupled with some observations regarding small animals nearby.

d) Wildlife Photography

The diversified wild life and panoramic view is heaven for photographers. Right from the regal tiger to the beautiful butterfly, all can be captured.

e) Educational Tours

Bannerghatta offers educational tours for schools and colleges related to wildlife conservation and biodiversity.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Bannerghatta National Park is between November through June when climatic conditions are healthy and animals are visible comparatively more. The monsoon season is not advisable as heavy rainfall may not encourage safari exploration experiences.

Accessibility Connectivity

• By Road: Bannerghatta National Park is 22 km from Bangalore, and access is very easy by road and public transport.

• By Air: The nearest airport is Kempegowda International Airport, which is about 55 km away.

• By Rail: The closest railhead is Bangalore City Railway Station, 23 km away.

Accommodation Options

Though Bannerghatta is a day-trip destination, there are various accommodation options available in the vicinity:

• Eco-Lodges: Stay in nature-themed lodges near the park for an immersive experience.

• Resorts: There are some good resorts in and around Bangalore to stay with all the luxuries.

• Homestays: Village homestays, small and offering personal and local flavours.

Tips to Visitors

• Book in Advance: Tickets for the safari can be booked online so that one does not have to wait in the queue during weekends and holidays.

• Pack the Basics: Water, sunscreen, hat, and comfy shoes.

• Respect Wildlife: No littering inside the park. Keep silent inside the safari vehicles.

• Whole Day Plan: Take a whole day out to visit all the attractions in the park.

Conservation Efforts and Challenges

The park has high value for wildlife conservation, especially its Rescue and Rehabilitation Center that accommodates the rescued animals from harsh conditions. Major issues are due to urbanization, human-wildlife conflict, and habitat degradation. The issues are being tackled by park management and NGOs with awareness programs together with stricter rules.

 Check Out: One Day Trip From Bangalore | Trekking Near Bangalore | Two Day Trip From Bangalore

4. Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary: Thrilling Wilderness Adventure in Karnataka

Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is a nature heaven nestled in the Karnataka's Western Ghats. Among South India's wildlife sanctuaries, this is the most sought after one. It is the second largest wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka and declared a tiger reserve in 2007. The sanctuary covers more than 866 square kilometers, with some of the most exotic wildlife species in it, besides offering plenty of adventure activities, which makes it a destination for both nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers and photographers of wildlife.

Let's dig into the details that make Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary special-from its history to the unique attractions, flora and fauna, and exciting activities.

History and Heritage of Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary

Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary was initiated in 1956 to conserve the diversified flora and fauna here. With due course, it has blossomed as one of the best places for tourism in India by wildlife and more greeneries along with having a great choice of adventure activities that pump everyone with adrenaline. It falls into the category of the Kali Tiger Reserve from the Kali River passing over the sanctuary in order to carry on its prosperity.

It has strongly testified to be influential in conserving endangered species; it has safeguarded black panthers, tigers, and hornbills. Eco-tourism is taken seriously with immense importance given that preservation and tourism go hand-in-hand to restore the balance of nature.

Geography and Topography

Location

Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the district of Uttara Kannada, Karnataka state. It is about 100 km from the western coastal state of Goa. Hence, the travel destination thus appeals to both traveling fraternity in Karnataka and in Goa.

Topography

The Dandeli terrain varies and is beautiful, comprising:

• Deciduous forests

• Riverine landscape along the Kali River

• Rocky outcrops and steep valleys

• Rolling meadows and open grasslands

This diverse terrain harbors a highly diverse species of wildlife and flora.

Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary Attractions

a) Unique Wildlife

Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is known for its biodiversity with:

• Black Panthers: This is one of the most elusive big cats and when one gets a glimpse of the black panther, it is just surreal here.

• Hornbills: It's a bird lover's paradise here in the sanctuary because it harbors four different species of hornbills, in addition to the Great Indian Hornbill.

• Leopards and Tigers: The sanctuary is part of Kali Tiger Reserve and harbors leopards and Bengal tigers.

• Elephants and Bison: This is home to the docile giant roaming about in the grasslands.

• Reptiles and Amphibians: The sanctuary is home to crocodiles, king cobras, and frogs.

b) River Kali

The lifeblood of the sanctuary, Kali River is the lifeline of the sanctuary with smooth flow. Water from this river is sourced by the very rich ecosystem that prevails within. The Kali River offers many adventure activities such as white-water rafting, kayaking, and river crossing.

c) Syntheri Rocks

This is one of the widely explored geologic wonders in the sanctuary. These enormous monolithic rocks made of limestone, carved over the years by the flowing river, are highly appreciable and very tourist-centric places.

d) Cavla Caves

Ancient limestone caves are another great landmark of Dandeli. They are visited for the mammoth stalactites, stalagmites, and unknown mystery within the underground chambers that attract explorers and history lovers.

Flora and Fauna of Dandeli

Flora

Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is mainly comprised of deciduous vegetation, with dense forests that are interwoven with groves of bamboos and grasslands. Major plant species are:

• Teak

• Eucalyptus

• Silver Oak

• Bamboo

• Sandalwood

Many medicinal plants make this sanctuary ecologically as well as culturally worthwhile.

Fauna

Some of the rarest fauna can be found in the state of Dandeli, some of which comprise of:

• Mammals: Tigers, black panthers, leopards, elephants, Malabar giant squirrels, Indian pangolins, and sloth bears.

• Birds: More than 200 species of birds are also there in the sanctuary that comprise hornbills, Malabar pied hornbills, crested serpent eagles, and white-bellied woodpeckers.

• Reptiles: Crocodiles, king cobras, monitor lizards, and pythons.

• Insects: Dandeli presents a kaleidoscope of butterflies and dragonflies.

Adventure Activities in Dandeli

Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is not only a place for wildlife, but it also offers adventure activities that give an adrenaline rush and the chance to explore the natural beauty of the sanctuary.

a) Wildlife Safari

The safari experience at Dandeli is simply thrilling. Jeep safaris begin from various corners of the forest and allow people to see wildlife in its natural habitats. The feeling of seeing a tiger, leopard, or black panther can't be compared with anything else.

b) White-Water Rafting

The Kali River offers white-water rafting experiences. The rapids here range from grades 2 to 4, so whether you are an amateur or expert rafter, that is not a problem; this place is for all of you.

c) Birdwatching

Birdwatchers must have been in heaven in Dandeli. You would be spellbound by the sight of flying hornbills or the call of a Malabar trogon. Don't forget to bring those binoculars up close! d) Trekking

There are various trekking trails within the sanctuary that take you through dense forests, rocky terrains, and serene riverbanks. Trekking here offers a chance to connect with nature while enjoying breathtaking views.

e) Kayaking and Boating

There is kayaking or boating on the still waters of Kali River for a more relaxed water activity.

f) Camping

Amongst the star-filled night sky, one can pass his time to listen to the nature sounds. The night Dandeli camping is magical as it allows spotting of the stars and nocturnal wildlife too.

g) Ziplining

Zip line crossing over Kali River giving a bird's eye view of the lush green of the sanctuary and the meandering river below.

Best Time to Visit

Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary would be visited between October and March since it is pleasant weather and there are more wildlife sighting chances .

Seasonal Guide

• Winter: October to March

• Wildlife safari, bird watching and some of the adventurous activities .

• Summer: April to June

Wild life is highly possible as animals do love to group together for sources of available water, but will be relatively hot.

Monsoon (July to September): The Sanctuary will still be a green haven destination, but safaris can be conducted fairly extensively because of the rains.

How to Reach Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary

• By Air: Nearest airport is Hubli Airport, which is around 75 km. Dabolim Airport in Goa is also accessible within a distance of approximately 145 km

• By Train: Nearest Railway station Alnavar Junction, which is 32 km away Hubli Railway Station can also be taken as nearest railhead

• By Road: Dandeli is also pretty well connected through road. Bus and Taxi are available from major cities like Bangalore, Hubli, and Goa.

Accommodation Options in Dandeli

Dandeli has all types of accommodation ranging from budget-friendly to luxury that can be suited to the tastes and pockets of all. Some of the popular ones are:

• Jungle Resorts: Luxury stay in the midst of nature offering guided safaris and premium facilities.

• Homestays: Cozy stay with a local touch and personalized hospitality.

• Camping Sites: For those who wish to experience the unadulterated beauty of the sanctuary.

How to Visit Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary

1. Advance Booking: The safaris and adventure activities book in advance, mainly during peak seasons.

2. Carry Necessities: Water, sunscreen, insect repellent, clothing, and footwear.

3. Respect Nature: Do not litter and keep silence while going for safaris and other adventure activities.

4. Follow Guidelines: Obey the safety instructions while going for safaris and adventure activities.

5. Be Alert: Open up your eyes to catch the wildlife, especially on early morning safaris.

Conservation and Challenges

Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is the very important part of conservational efforts of rare species like the black panther and Great Indian Hornbill. Still, human-wildlife conflict, degradation of habitat, and illegal poaching remain common issues. Government, NGOs, and local communities are trying through awareness programs and stricter laws to get rid of them.

5. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, a Serene Karnataka Wildness

Bhadra is one of Karnataka's beautiful residences for wildlife as well as its natural surroundings in Chikkamagaluru and Shivamogga districts. One of the Indian subcontinents' treasure house of scenic grandeur-the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary encompasses almost 490 kilometers. The rich flora and fauna with outstanding landscapes like any other part of the Western Ghats in Bhadra shine the meekness of a tiger population, thrill the senses with vibrant bird species, and run away from mundane life to dive in pristine beauty and be one with nature.

overview of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary History and Importance It was declared to be a Project Tiger Reserve in the year 1998 as one of the 50 tiger reserves in India, but this sanctuary is named after a river called the Bhadra River flowing through the sanctuary that adds up to its ecosystem. The sanctuary has been a very central point of concentration for the protection of endangered species such as tigers and leopards while opening the sanctuary to tourism and sustainable development.

It is also known as the Muthodi Wildlife Sanctuary, which is thought to have been named after the village of Muthodi, a settlement situated on the southern edge of the sanctuary.

Geography and Landscape

One can reach Chikkamagaluru for Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary at a distance of 38 kilometers from the same or 285 kilometers from Bangalore.

Landform Landscape

• Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary has diversified landforms:

• Hill Ranges Bababudangiri Hills here ensure panoramic views prevail.

• Deciduous Forests This area has plenty of flora and fauna in their dense deciduous forests.

• Riverine Landscapes With Bhadra River flowing through it, it even looks beautiful.

• Grasslands and meadows: open areas where spotting of wildlife can easily be accomplished.

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Features

a) Tigers and Leopards

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Part of Project Tiger It is known to be tiger destination. The joy to see the tiger or the leopard in the open will not be described in words.

b) Varied Birds

It is a true birding place with over 250 avifauna varieties, including the list of: i) Malabar Whistling Thrush ii)Great Hornbill iii)Blue -tailed Bee-eater iv)Emerald Dove v)Scarlet Minivet

c) Heavy Forests

The sanctuary is scattered with dense deciduous forests full of bamboo groves that augment the ethereal beauty.

d) Bhadra River

The river does not only provide sustenance to the flora of the sanctuary but also supports thrilling activities like river cruises and boating, so the tourists are allowed to enjoy the scenic beauty coupled with the fauna.

e) Trekking Trails

There are several trekking trails running across thick forests, grasslands, and mountain ranges which provide fantastic vistas.

f) Hebbe Falls

Not far away is the picture-perfect Hebbe Falls-forget it was missing during your visit to the sanctuary. A cascade of waters amidst thick greens puts up a beautiful scenario.

Flora and Fauna of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary

Flora

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary contains a rich plant life diversity comprising the following species:

• Teak

• Rosewood

• Mathi

• Bamboo

• Shola Grasslands

It is also pretty well known for medicinal plants that become part of its ecological value.

Fauna

The wildlife here itself forms the prime attraction in the sanctuary and it consists of the following animals

• Mammals: Fauna here consists of tigers, leopards, elephants, Indian gaurs, sloth bears, barking deer, and wild boars.

• Birds: Other than the hornbills and thrushes, one could find Indian rollers, jungle mynas, and black eagles on his visit.

• Reptiles: This sanctuary houses a variety of king cobras, monitor lizards, and other species of turtles.

• Aquatic Life: The Bhadra River is inhabited by mahseer fish and otters.

Activities and Experiences in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary

a) Wildlife Safari

The biggest attraction about Bhadra is the wildlife safari, taking the visitor into a deep forest where one can enjoy the real time view of animals roaming in nature. See a tiger, leopard, or herd of elephants. Nothing can be compared to this.

B) Bird Watching

There are some more than 250 bird species. It is a popular pastime among visitors. River cruises - serene environmental conditions attract many birds

The Bhadra River cruise offers an extremely silent trip through where one can even get a panoramic view of the beautiful landscapes around with the aquatic creatures and birds too. It serves as an amazing experience to study the sanctuary through other eyes as well.

c) Trekking

Trekking through trails within the park will give very good bonding time for human beings towards nature. Famous treks include the Bababudangiri Hills and the Kallathigiri Falls offers breath-taking scenarios.

Another experience remains to be camping in Bhadra among lush green sceneries. Enjoy the natural sounds, gaze upon the stars, and campfire f) Water Sports

Besides River Cruise, the kayaking and boating facility in river Bhadra add an element of adventure in the trip

Ideal Time to Visit

Best Time to Visit: Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary can be visited during November to March. The cool and pleasant climate of this place allows one to see the wildlife animals without any hassle.

Seasonal Guide

• Winter (November to February): The best season for safari and bird viewing. More chances to spot tigers and leopards also.

• Summer (March to May): The animals move near the water sources, making it relatively easy to spot animals, though it can get very hot.

• Monsoon (June to October): The sanctuary looks very green and lush during the monsoon period, but safaris are usually limited because of heavy rains.

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Access

• By Airport: Nearest airport: Mangalore Airport. It is about 180 km from the place and another Nearest airport is Kempegowda International Airport, Bangalore. The distance is about 285 km from the sanctuary.

• By Rail: The nearest railway station is Tarikere, which is 20 km from the sanctuary. Chikkamagaluru Railway Station is another nearest railway station, located about 38 km from the sanctuary.

• By Road: The sanctuary is very accessible by road with buses and taxis available from Chikkamagaluru, Shivamogga, and Bangalore.

Accommodation

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary offers a wide range of accommodations that cater to various tastes and purse strings:

• Jungle Lodges and Resorts: Luxurious stays with guided safaris and premium facilities.

• Homestays: Comfortable and cozy stays with a local feel.

• Eco-Camps: For those who want to stay closer to the wilderness.

Popular ones are:

1. River Tern Lodge of Jungle Lodges and Resorts

2. Homestay in Chikkamagaluru

3. Campsites around the Bhadra river

Conservation

The Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is a Project Tiger Reserve with active engagement into wildlife conservation activities in the area. The various conservation initiatives that are conducted by the sancturary are -

• Tiger and other species conservation with anti-poaching activities

• Involvement of community in conducting activities of raising awareness programs with sustainable tourism and amicable practices.

• Rehabilitation of the villages to save human-wildlife conflict 

Tourism Tips

• Plan Ahead: Book safari and accommodation prior to the actual date, preferably during peak season.

• Dress appropriately: Wear neutral colors to merge with the surrounding environment and do not scare animals.

• Carry Essentials: Include water, sun screen, repellent for mosquitoes, binoculars, and camera.

• Respect Nature: Refrain from littering, keeping silence during safari, and do everything as instructed by the authorities.

• Hire a Guide Guides add much more to the experience as they provide information regarding the flora, fauna, and history of the sanctuar.

6. Kudremukh National Park: The Jewel of Karnataka

Kudremukh National Park is the epitome of the majestic Western Ghats of Karnataka, aptly suited for trekkers, nature lovers, and wildlife enthusiasts. Stretches over an area of 600 sq. kms, national park is among the protected regions in the state that provides the unmatched blend of dense forests and rolling hills in rich biodiversity. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Kudremukh National Park named after the face of a horse-like peak on which it rests, must be visited for anyone looking for some quiet retreat into nature. Available only in Karnataka, India.

It goes deep about the beautiful attractiveness, diversity in life, and experiences Kudremukh National Park could offer.

Geography and Territory

Located in the Karnataka state, on the Chikkamagaluru district, in a distance from Mangaluruy of 96 kilometers and the distance from Bengalore is some 340. It is along the Western Ghatt, which becomes famous for having ecological importance plus natural beauty too.

The park landscape is a feast to the eyes, which has features like:

• Rolling Meadows and Hills: Vast grasslands with scattered dense forests and valleys.

• Rivers and Streams: It has origins of main rivers like Tunga, Bhadra, and Netravati.

• Waterfalls: Many waterfalls have beautified the place.

• Peaks and Ridges: Kudremukh Peak stands tall at a height of 1,894 meters and is the prime attraction of the park.

Biodiversity of Kudremukh National Park

Kudremukh National Park: This is such an area of flora and fauna full of biodiversity and hosting an assorted range of flora as well as fauna. It is considered a critical habitat for many of the endemic, as well as endangered species, being located in Western Ghats.

Flora: The park possesses a beautiful collage of evergreen forests, grass lands, and Shola forests; it comprises:

• Rosewood

• Teak

• Bamboo

• Eucalyptus

• Orchids

The thick forest not only gives shelter to the wildlife, but it even regulates the weather and water of this region.

Flora

It is home for a vast number of fauna species within Kudremukh National Park. It could be said really a paradise of the wildlife researchers. Some of its major species can be listed:

• Mammals: These include tigers, leopards, Malabar giant squirrels, sambar deer, and wild boar, and the gaurs (Indian bison).

• Birds: More than 200 bird species are there in this area, such as Malabar trogons, imperial pigeons, Malabar whistling thrushes, and great hornbills.

• Reptiles: This national park is inhabited by king cobras, monitor lizards, etc.

• Butterflies: These colorful species such as the blue tiger butterfly are dwelling in this park.

Kudremukh National Park: Tourist Attractions

a) Kudremukh Peak

The main attraction within the national park is Kudremukh Peak, where one can get a very grueling yet very rewarding trek. Dense forests, open meadows, and gurgling streams follow one another till the final climax of breathtaking views of the Western Ghats.

b) Hanuman Gundi Waterfalls

 This beautiful waterfall lies within the national park. Commonly known as Suthanabbi Falls, it drops from a height of about 100 feet and also a favorite for picnic and photography enthusiasts.

 c) Lakya Dam

Lakya Dam is the check dam constructed across the Lakya River; full of green cover. Calm surroundings are so soothing, and in addition, very great for bird observation.

d) Gangamoola

A UNESCO designated biosphere, Gangamool is the source of the three main rivers : Tunga, Bhadra and Netravati. Being spiritually rich is a hallmark as well as stunning beauty in these areas.

e) Shola Grasslands

The shola grasslands that are unique features of the Western Ghats showcase Kudremukh National Park. These are grasslands interrupted by patches of forests and therefore a vital wildlife habitat.

Trekking in Kudremukh National Park

Kudremukh National Park is a place that is an absolute treat for the trekkers. The national park boasts some of the most scenic routes and tough treks in Karnataka. The tracks take one through a few of the rich forests, smooth hills, and glistening streams. The journey through the trek as exciting as to the destination.

a) Kudremukh Trek

• Approx 20 kilometers (round trip)

• Moderate to difficult

• 6–8 hours

• Dense forests, rivers, waterfalls, and panoramic views from the summit are famous.

b) Kurinjal Peak Trek

• 14 km round trip

• Moderate

• Time: 4–6 hours

• Points of Interest: Flora and fauna diversity, scenic views, and gentle trails.

c) Gangamoola Trek

• About 8 km return

• Easy to moderate

• Time: 3–4 hours

• Points of Interest: Rivers' birth, lush green, and birdwatching.

Trekking Instructions

• Permission needs to be taken earlier by the trekker from the Forest Department.

• Carries a local guide with him. This is only for a piece of safety and adhering to the regimen of eco-tourism.

• Carry all requisite things, like water, snacks, sunscreen lotion, and good trekking shoes.

Best Time to Visit Kudremukh National Park

The best time to visit Kudremukh National Park is from October to May when it has pleasant weather and the forest is lush after the monsoons.

Seasonal Highlights

• Winter (October to February): It is ideal for trekking and wildlife spotting, which is feasible at the time of cool and clear weather.

• Summer (March to May): Wildlife can be spotted near water bodies, though it is a bit warm.

• Monsoon (June to September): The park is the greenest at this time of the year, but trekking and safaris are limited during heavy rainfalls and slippery tracks.

Activities in Kudremukh National Park

a) Wildlife Safari

Although not so big in terms of area as other national parks, Kudremukh has jeep safaris conducted under guided tour inside its dense forests, with glimpses of tigers, leopards, and other wildlife.

b) Birdsighting

The lush variety of bird species attracts birdsighting enthusiasts. The early morning hours are the best for sighting and photography of exotic birds.

c) Nature Photography

Whether it is its landscapes or rich wildlife, nature photography opportunities here are limitless.

d) Camping

Good camp sites are available near the base camps of trekking trails. Spent a night below the stars and experience nature close to you.

How to Reach Kudremukh National Park

• By Airport: The nearest airport is Mangalore International Airport, about 100 km from the park. The other one is Kempegowda International Airport in Bengaluru, about 340 km.

• By Train: Mangalore Junction railway station is about 110 km from the park.

• By Road: There are roads that connect the park, and from Mangalore, Chikkamagaluru, and even the Bengaluru cities, buses and taxis are available.

Accommodation Options

Kudremukh National Park offers various stay options, right from luxury resorts to budget homestays and camps. Some of the popular options include:

• Jungle Lodges and Resorts: Extremely comfortable with guided treks.

• Homestays in Kalasa and Karkala: Ideal for an authentic feel.

• Campsites: Haven for adventure and nature lovers.

Conservation and Eco-tourism

Kudremukh National Park is an important biodiversity conservation area in the Western Ghats. The Forest Department promotes eco-tourism and responsible tourism to avoid disturbing the environment as much as possible. The visitors are requested to observe guidelines, be respectful to wildlife, and not litter.

Visitor Tips

• Obtain Permits: The permission of the Forest Department has to be taken before entering the park.

• Do not disturb animals, but to remain silent while there.

• Pack lightly but remember water, snacking, sunscreen, and a first aid kit.

• Pack appropriately. Be wearing the appropriate comfortable clothing for such a trip as well as the necessary hiking boots.

• Travelling with groups, and mostly travelling with guides to make safety a bit enjoyable.

7. Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary: Paradise for Nature Lovers and Birdwatchers

Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is a treasure house marrying the rich emerald folds of Karnataka's Western Ghats to tranquil silences. Brilliant in its biodiversity, the sanctuary features some rare birds and trekking trails with their impossible challenges as well as stretches of lands to gain tranquil quietness in the wild. Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary contains more than 102 square kilometers; the part that includes a part of it being the UNESCO World Heritage Site makes it the most essential biodiversity hotspot region of Western Ghats, constituting its part.

A whole guide that highlights why the importance lies in such sanctuaries about its biodiversity activities, and this sort of details presented to its visitors makes the area a home to birdwatchers, trekkers, and for people who find it a beauty spot.

About Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary

This park, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Kodagu (Coorg) District of Karnataka State, India. Pushpagiri sanctuary is placed between two towns, namely Somwarpet and Kumaralli, around 270 Km from Bengaluru and 130 Km from Mysuru.

Topography

It is named after its highest summit, Pushpagiri Hill standing on an elevation of about 1,712 meters from the sea level. The rough terrain is also reflected with:

• Steep slopes and dense forests

• Many small streams and waterfalls

• Many rounded hills and valley

Accessibility

The sanctuary is relatively well-connected by road and is one of the popular gateway destinations on weekends from Bengaluru, Mysuru, and Mangaluru.

Biodiversity of Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary

Flora

Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is rich in all its varied flora, which mainly comprises evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Some of the prominent plant species are:

• Rosewood and Teak trees.

• Eucalyptus, Bamboo, and Cane.

• Several medicinal plants and flowering species.

The dense foliage creates an ambiance, which is extremely pure and adds to its cool and wet climatic condition.

Fauna

The variety of wildlife present in Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is quite impressive:

• Mammals: Leopards, tigers, sloth bears, Indian giant squirrels, wild boars, and gaurs or Indian bison.

• Birds: The sanctuary has more than 300 species of birds, making the place a paradise for birders. Some of the rare species seen here are the Nilgiri wood pigeon, Malabar grey hornbill, and the Great Indian hornbill.

• Reptiles: Some common reptilian species found here are king cobras, pythons, and monitor lizards.

• Amphibians and Insects: In addition to brilliant butterflies, this sanctuary houses amphibians and insects.

Birding Sites

This has been considered IBA by BirdLife International. Ornithologists can see endemic as well as migratory birds like:

• Grey-breasted laughingthrush.

• White-bellied blue flycatcher.

• Wynaad laughingthrush.

Places to Visit within Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary

a) Pushpagiri Peak

The highest peak and one of the most sought treks is named after the highest place within the sanctuary. The greenish peak is a great place to take sceneries, and one can take wide-angle shots of the Western Ghats as well as the valley.

b) Kumara Parvatha

Kumara Parvatha is another trekkers trail and people come here for its thrilling climb and the views it offers. One of the tallest peaks in Karnataka.

Mallalli Falls is a very beautiful waterfall that comes from the Kumaradhara River. The place is perfect for photographers and for relaxing in the background of scenic beauty. Forest Trails and Streams

There are hundreds of forest trails here passing through dense jungles and crystal streams. Rides offer a very good idea about the untouched beauty of Western Ghats. 

Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Activities

a) Bird Watching

Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is a paradise for ornithologists. Early morning hours and evening are the best times when one can glance at some rare and colorful birds. It is essential to carry with them binoculars and cameras for a successful experience of bird watching.

b) Trekking

Trekking is one of the major tourist attractions for Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary. The most prominent trekking routes are:

• Pushpagiri Trek: Moderately to challisngely steep trek that makes its way towards the top by showcasing breathtaking views as such an intense wildlife sight.

• Kumara Parvatha Trek: This one happens to be a most famous treck for challenges from all comparison-wise other trecks.

• Mallalli Falls Trail: This happens to be an easily moderate type, and they lead you to prettiest waterfall kind of experience.

The sanctuary is the best destination for wildlife photographers with dense flora and fauna and scenic landscape. There is nothing like seeing rare birds, majestic mammals; it has no lack of photo ops.

c) Camping

Indeed, such an experience is worth making trouble for, sleeping under stars and listening to the sounds in the forest is simply unforgettable. The camping inside the sanctuary is not possible without special permission from the Forest Department.

d) Nature Walks

Guided nature walks also happen to be the way of knowing about the ecosystem of the sanctuary in the terms of flora and fauna.

Best time to visit: Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary

The best time to visit Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is between November and March when the weather is amiable with a chance of spotting animals.

Seasonal Highlights

• Winter (November to February) It is ideal for trek and bird watching.

• Summer (March to May) is warm, but the opportunities to spot wildlife near water body increase.

• Monsoon (June to September) The sanctuary appears greenish; nevertheless, heavy rainfalls can restrain trekking and other adventure activities.

Conservation and Eco-tourism

Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is a very important place for the biodiversity conservation of Western Ghats. The Forest Department has developed eco-tourism and sustainable tourism for the conservation of the fragile ecosystem of the sanctuary. They request the visitor to abide by eco-friendly norms like not littering and avoiding noise pollution.

Accommodation

Accommodation is not available within the sanctuary. However, there are plenty of options in the surrounding towns including Somwarpet, Kumaralli and Madikeri. Accommodations include:

• Homestays: local and warm

• Resorts: luxury nature-based

• Economy lodges: for backpackers and cost-conscious tourists

How to Reach Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary

• By Airport: The nearest airport is Mangalore International Airport which is about 160 km. The other is Kempegowda International Airport in Bengaluru that is 270 kms from the sanctuary

• By Train: The closest railway station is Mysuru Junction that is around 130 kms.

• By Road: This sanctuary can be reached by road as well. People can drive or take buses till Somwarpet or Kumaralli and from there they have to reach to this sanctuary

Important Information For The Tourists

• Permission: The tourist has to take permission from the Forest Department to visit the sanctuary and to go trekking.

• Respect Nature: No littering and following the "leave no trace" principle.

• Wearing Right: Comfortable clothes and strong trekking shoes.

• Packing: Water, snacks, sun screen, mosquito repellent, and first-aid kit.

• Guided Tour: The guides available locally would also help through providing information of flora and fauna present in the sanctuary.

• Cautionary measures against the safety side: Don't disturb the wild and walk along the trails.

8. Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary: Treasures of Nature

Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the breathtaking havens of vibrant flora, diverse fauna, and captivating landscapes in the pristine Western Ghats. The sanctuary stretches over 160 square kilometers, straddling the Karnataka-Kerala border, offering a tranquil escape for nature lovers, wildlife enthusiasts, and trekkers alike. It is named after the majestic Brahmagiri Peak, which has been a harmonious blend of scenic views, rich biodiversity, and cultural significance.

This travel guide would be very detailed, covering specialties, wildlife, activities, trekking options, conservation work, and the kind of information that would prove to be handy for any tourist to plan a visit in this place known as Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary and have it an unforgettable experience.

About Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary

Location and Geography

Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Kodagu (Coorg) district of Karnataka, and the southern boundary touches Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. It is an enchanting destination for all those who come here because it lies between rolling hills, dense forests, and gushing streams.

Key Features of the Landscape

• Brahmagiri Peak (1,608 meters): This is the highest point in the sanctuary and is a place for panoramic views of the Western Ghats and green valleys.

• Rivers and Waterfalls: The wildlife sanctuary takes waters from rivers such as Kaveri and Barapole and picturesque waterfalls, such as the Iruppu Falls.

• Forests and Grasslands: Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests in patches with an abundance of grasslands.

It is one of the very important biodiversity hotspots, having religious and cultural values too, as there are Iruppu Falls and Thirunelli Temple in Kerala.

Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Biodiversity

Flora

Irreplaceable lush green vegetation is being provided by evergreen and deciduous forests. The primary features are:

• Rosewood, Teak and Sandalwood.

• Rhododendrons and Orchids.

• Medicinal herbs and shrubs of the forest undergrowth.

The cool and misty climate at the sanctuary has radiated from dense forests that cover its rich fauna.

Fauna

The sanctuary offers a wide range of wildlife in Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary which is the haven for all animal lovers and photographers.

Mammals

• Elephants: The majestic giants are often to be viewed in large herds.

• Deer: Grassland inhabitants can easily be sighted species such as spotted deer and sambar deer grazing away.

• Wild dogs, tigers, leopards constitute the list of the sanctuaries

• Other Mammals: Sloth bears, gaurs or Indian bison, and jungle cats too have their abode here.

Birds

It accommodates over 300 species of birds. For any bird lover, it is a paradise. The species that can be witnessed in this range are:

• Malabar trogon

• Great hornbill

• Nilgiri wood pigeon

• Grey junglefowl

Reptiles and Amphibians

The western ghat is inhabited by several species of reptiles comprising king cobras, monitor lizards and colorful species of amphibians such as frogs and toads.

Insect and Butterflies

The population of insects in this sanctuary is rich and comprises, just like in many other places within the western ghats, once more a beautiful color butterfly species beauty enhancing the area.

Places of attraction within and out of Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary

a) Brahmagiri Peak

Brahmagiri Peak is one of the most favourite trekking places inside the sanctuary. The lush green slopes and magnificent view of the peak attract adventure enthusiasts and nature enthusiasts.

b) Iruppu Falls

Iruppu Falls is on the edge of the sanctuary. It is an exemplary waterfall created by the Lakshmana Tirtha River. It is also a nice picnic spot and photo destination.

c) Thirunelli Temple

Thirunelli Temple, Kerala is one amongst the most significant temples with people making a point to visit there for finding blessings of Lord Vishnu. The temple is also surrounded by richly green forests that would leave anyone spiritually serene. d) Streams and Rivers A lot of streams and rivers in the sanctuaries, with one being the Kaveri River, provide immense potential for rest and discovery. 4. Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Activities a) Trekking

Popular for Trekking amongst other activities done at Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is:

• Brahmagiri Peak Trek: Moderate-level trek; a great destination that offers fine views of Western Ghats and the massiveness of sanctuary

• Iruppu Falls Trek: Short walk to the falling water of the cascading of Iruppu Falls.

• Pakshipathalam Trek: Tough walking in dense forest with a pathway that leads through cave for avitlife. Wildlife Safaris  Jeep safaris would be undertaken in the guided tours to the core areas of the sanctuary. The early morning and evening hours would present good opportunities for viewing animals.

• Birdwatching:The sanctuary has made its name with rich avifauna, and one can call it as a favourite haunt for bird watchers. A guide can be sought for finding the endemic species as well as the migratory ones.

Photography Abundant flora, fauna, and other varied landscapes of the sanctuary provide              vast photography opportunities for click-happy enthusiasts. Nature Walks,The guided nature walks would really be an eye opener to see the overall ecosystem and richness of the sanctuary.

Brahma agiri Wildlife Sanctuary Best Time to Visit

The warm climate during the months of October to May is extremely suitable for any outdoor adventure while visiting the Brahma giri Wildlife Sanctuary.

Seasonal Specialties

• Winter (November to February): The dry, foggy weather is suitable for trekking and wildlife watching.

• Summer (March to May): The animals generally like to remain near the water bodies. Hence, summer would be an excellent time for safaris.

• Monsoon (June to September): Heavy rains may limit trekking and other activities; however the sanctuary will look very lush green.

Conservation and Eco-Tourism

Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary comes under India's 1972 Wildlife Protection Act. It has made efforts in:

• Biodiversity.

• Human-wildlife conflict elimination.

• Sustainable tourism development

Eco-Tourism Programmes

The Forest Department and people of the place promote the advance of eco-tourism. Visitors are accompanied so that their presence causes the minimum amount of damage to the environment.

Place to Stay

There is no facility for accommodation inside the sanctuary. Yet, several places to stay could be enjoyed out of the sanctuary. Some of them are enlisted below:

• Forest Guesthouses: Forest Guesthouses are operated under the head of Forest Department. It provides the feel of village, which is very close to nature.

• Homestays: Homestays in local villages would give a Coorg experience that can be deemed homely and natural.

• Resorts and Hotels: there are a plenty of number of luxury as well as budget stay facilities available near all the attractions at Madikeri.

Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary How to reach

Through Airways

• Kannur International Airport, Kerala State- 80 KM

• International Airport; Mangalore:- 170 KM  From sanctuary

Rail Weg

• Nearest Station Rail way - From Mysuru Junction which  is about  110 KMs

From SANTCUARY Roadweg

• By road is the access to Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary. Kutta and Srimangala are the nearest towns from which one can drive or take buses.

Important Information about Visits

• Permission: To enter the sanctuary, permission needs to be taken from the Forest Department.

• Guide: Take a local guide to enhance the experience of the visit by taking through the locality.

• Wear Comfortable Dress: Tees, shirts, short pants and strong shoes are must for trekking.

• Pack Essentials: Do carry mineral water, snacks, sun protector, repellent cocktail and first aid box.

• Respect Wildlife: Do not disturb animals and avoid those places.

• Practice Eco-friendly Habits: Do not litter and use the trail onl.

9. Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary

Location Background of the Sanctuary in Karnataka:

It falls under the southern Karnataka region, mostly covered under the Chamarajanagar and Mysuru districts. This sanctuary covers an approximate area of about 1,027 square kilometers. It falls within the vicinities of the great River Cauvery, one among the major rivers in South India. Moreover, it lies next to the Biligirirangan Hills of the Western Ghats as it offers rich biodiversity and scintillating scenic beauty.

It lies between other crucial wildlife sanctuaries, such as Bandipur National Park and Nagarhole National Park, making it an ecologically vital corridor for the passage of wildlife through this extensive region. It is near Kabini Reservoir and Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, and part of the greater protected area network in the state.

Importance of the Sanctuary in Terms of Biodiversity and Conservation:

The Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is a biodiversity hotspot characterized by a wide-ranging flora as well as fauna. Its varied landscape, ranging from dry deciduous forests to dense riverine ecosystems, sustains an enormously wide range of plant and animal species-most of which are either threatened or endemic in this geographical area.

This hosts important wildlife like the Indian elephant, tiger, leopard, sloth bear, and wild boar. Moreover, it holds hundreds of bird species, thereby being an excellent tourist destination in the case of bird tourism. Riverine habitats along the river Cauvery attract several aquatic species of birds and therefore is a site for birds' conservation.

As important to its role in protecting the Cauvery River's ecosystem, where the river constitutes a lifeline for wildlife, as well as to local human populations dependent on its waters and riverside agriculture, this sanctuary has formed one of the very important linkages in the bigger network of conservation that underlines the UNESCO World Heritage area, the Western Ghats. This sanctuary will prevent soil erosion from the forests, will maintain the flow of river Cauvery, and will ensure health in the entire ecosystem in the long term.

Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, in turn, functions as an ecological corridor that connects those protected areas of Bandipur and Nagarhole to other wildlife habitations. Maintaining the population's genetic health through the ease of inter-movement among them by having available breeding area spaces, reducing chances of hazard brings about healthier population stocks.

Geography and Topography of Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary

Topography and Ecology of the Sanctuary:

It is located in the scenic and green geography of south India, which is, western ghats. The terrain has a variety, that is, in the form of rolling hills, and dense forests as well as there is a serpentine river in the form of river Cauvery that forms part of the sanctuary. The river has created the landscape itself because many parts of the sanctuary are wealthy in water bodies. This encompasses small rivers and tributaries progressing toward the Cauvery itself. All of these streams are important to the flora and fauna. It has sheltered innumerable species that were both aquatic as well as partially aquatic.

Here, the terrain ranges from hilly slopes to riverine plains and forest-covered plateaus, leading to the emergence of various ecosystems. The northern part of the Biligirirangan Hills is a steep slope with dense forests and diversified wildlife. The southern part of the sanctuary is more oriented towards plains, grasslands which are very important for herbivores such as gaur (Indian bison) and chital (spotted deer).

The forests are mainly dry deciduous, with moist deciduous forests forming patches along the river. Moist deciduous forest is rich in tree flora like teak, sandalwood, rosewood, and Indian laurel, providing excellent habitat for a variety of wildlife. There are many rocky outcrops, grasslands, and small pockets of shrubland.

This habitat offers various kinds of flora and fauna ranging from tigers, elephants, and small mammals and reptiles to birds. River Cauvery supports the ecosystem as it provides water for animals and simultaneously maintains aquatic life as well as vegetation around the river. The riverine ecosystem has an equilibrium between the forest areas and the wetland habitats providing varied wildlife habitat.

Climate and Best Times to Visit:

The Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary has a climate that is largely tropical, taking on semi-arid character, the general character having marked wet and dry seasons.

• Summers: March to May Temperate range is 25 to 40°C Hot and dry Summer months, though not the ideal time to visit the sanctuary as it is very hot, are probably the best for wildlife sighting as the animals tend to be concentrated around the water sources, such as the river Cauvery.

• Monsoon (June to September): Heavy rainfall prevails in the sanctuary during monsoons, where the range of maximum temperature is 22°C to 30°C. During this time, the landscape becomes all green, the roads become slippery, and some trails are inaccessible due to the rain; however, bird watching in the sanctuary is marvelous due to the arrival of many migratory birds in the sanctuary.

• Winter (October to February): It is the best season to visit the sanctuary. The temperature ranges from 12°C to 28°C and suits outdoor activities like wildlife safaris and trekking. Cool and dry weather has a positive impact on wildlife sightings since animals are very active during the day, and there is less cover for plants that allow clear visions of the animals.

The winter months make it perfect for exploring the differently varied ecosystems of this sanctuary, ranging from forests to riverine regions and can be spent here without having the scorching heat of summer or the disadvantages of heavy rains in monsoon.

Flora and Fauna of Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary

Important Species of Flora and Fauna Found in the Sanctuary:

This Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is just an absolute treasure house of biodiversity due to a proper combination of diverse types of ecosystems ranging from dry deciduous forests to riverine habitats. Many endemic and endangered flora and fauna are found here.

Flora

• Teak (Tectona grandis): The major tree species are Teak. It is valued for its timber and gives crucial canopy cover.

• Santalum album: Sandalwood is one of the species with heartwood that gives an aromatic character. This is one of the important species in the sanctuary.

• Dalbergia latifolia: The wood species typically forms hardwood and is also present in the sanctuary; it is very valuable to the local ecosystem.

• Terminalia tomentosa: This species occurs widely in the forest; hence it is important to the health of the forest.

• Acacia and Bamboo: These species of flora complement the biodiversity in the sanctuary as it provides the wild fauna different types of habitat.

Fauna:

The fauna range of the sanctuary consists of animals, including wide varieties of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians-most of which are protected by acts related to wildlife conservation in India.

Mammals:

• Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus)-it is one of the most well-known species in the sanctuary-the Indian elephant plays a role in the ecosystem and in rebalancing it;

• The Tiger, Panthera tigris-as with the species above, tiger animals are scarce, and like them, tigers were seen in this area of the sanctuary too and it itself is quite high on the food chain.

• Leopard: These can often be seen in all forest areas which come within the sanctuary boundaries, such as but not limited to.

• Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus): This is the nocturnal animal of the region and can often be seen in the forest fringes of the sanctuary.

• Gaur (Bos gaurus): Gaur's or the Indian bison are big grazing animals and can normally be seen grazing in the grasslands as well as the open forest clearings in the sanctuary.

• Sus scrofa: The species are very prolific; hence, it is an important food chain in the sanctuary.

• Axis axis: It is also known as a spotted deer and is widely present in the sanctuary. Chitals thus form a readily available food source for other carnivorous predators such as tigers and leopards.

• Boselaphus tragocamelus: Nilgai is generally present in open regions in the sanctuary.

Bird sanctuary

More than 200 species of birds have been documented. Both resident and migratory birds are found in the area.

• Indian Peafowl: It is said to be the national bird of India. Peacocks are pretty common here

• Painted Stork: Spotted near water bodies, painted storks are occasionally seen

• Crested Serpent Eagle: This is one of the birds of prey, and quite often seen here, in the forest canopy.

• Indian Pitta (Pitta brachyura): It is a colored bird, and is usually found in the forest undergrowth.

• Kingfisher species: These are very small coloured birds, observed around the riverbank. They feed mainly on fishes.

• Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus): This is a large raptor. Most of the times, these birds are seen while passing over the sanctuary.

Reptiles:

• Indian Cobra (Naja naja): Amongst India's snakes, the sanctuary boasts of one of its most popular snake species. Almost all of them are found close to the river.

• Russell's Viper (Daboia russelii): Snake is equally venomous lethal; they are mainly found in the forest regions.

• Monitor Lizards (Varanus spp.): These large-size lizards are also an integral component of the ecosystem of the sanctuary as predators as well as scavengers.

• Indian Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegans): Star tortoise is an endangered species and sometimes has been found in the forests of the sanctuary.

Amphibians:

• Indian Bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus): This is the largest frog that can be spotted in the wetland regions of the sanctuary.

• Tree Frogs (Family Rhacophoridae): Majority of the tree frogs are found in the wet regions of the sanctuary during monsoon seasons.

Endemic Species and Their Conservation:

Several endemic species are housed by Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, which is very important for the biodiversity. Among these species, some are even rare or threatened due to habitat loss, poaching, or human-wildlife conflict.

• Flora: There is meager Endemic Flora with species such as Sandalwood and varieties of bamboo being very critical in the local ecosystem, and efforts are specially made at the conservation of those species due to their importance both ecologically and commercially.

• Native Fauna: Though not specific to the site, Nilgai is one of the most important species of that sanctuary. Some species of macaque monkeys and small mammals are found only in specific areas of the forest in the sanctuary.

Conservation Activity:

The sanctuary is very active about its conservation efforts.

• Prevention of poaching to save the endangered species like the tiger and the elephant.

• Habitat restoration projects that will help to sustain and enhance the critical habitats particularly that of riverine and grassland species.

• Community engagement programs that will reduce the rate of human-wildlife conflict and give the opportunity to local communities to be involved in conservation.

Birds, Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians in the Sanctuary:

Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is a perfect place for the sighting of rich varieties of wildlife.

• Bird Watching: The birding sanctuary contains over 200 species of birds aside from the migrant and resident birds. There are several species under the class of Mammalia, ranging from the big predators like tigers and leopards to herbivores like elephants and gaurs.

• Reptiles and Amphibians: In the well-stocked warehouse of reptilia of the sanctuary, one gets exposed to many varieties of venomous as well as non-venomous snakes; tree frog is the sole common one sighted to flourish within such wetland biotypes of the sanctuary.

Conservation Practices at Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary

The Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the critical areas for wildlife protection and also an environment conservation area. The sanctuary has the usual mix of forest ecosystems, rivers, and grasslands in creating an ideal habitat for the species. Some of the species there are either threatened or endangered and require concerted conservation efforts to safeguard them as they enact suitable management practices for the balance of biodiversity conservation with human development.

Ways the Sanctuary Aids in Wildlife Conservation:

The Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary offers a sheltered habitat to many species of wildlife that exist within riverine and forest types. It is one of the richest biodiversity sites that need to be carefully managed through the following efforts:.

• Safe Haven for Vulnerable Species: Sanctuary provides safe habitat for vulnerable species such as the Indian Tiger, Asian Elephant, and Sloth Bear. Surveillance of these species is carried out by strict anti-poaching measures as well as population monitoring of animals.

• Eco-sensitive Areas: There are regions in the sanctuary that are notified to be eco-sensitive areas. Human activity is regulated so that the ecosystem is not disrupted. These regions are critical biodiversity hotspots as well as an interface in which species habitats go undisrupted for both breeding and feeding.

• Wildlife Corridors: The sanctuary is part of a system of wildlife corridors that will connect the fragmented habitats in southern India. In this manner, the animals, especially the elephants, would roam freely among different protected areas so that there would be much genetic variation and reduced human-wildlife conflict.

• Habitat Restoration: The restoration efforts focus on habitat restoration, such as the regrowth of cleared areas or otherwise disturbed areas. This restoration enhances the ability of the sanctuary to retain biodiversity.

Conservation Programmes and Challengers Faced:

There are a number of conservation programs carried out for the protection of flora and fauna in the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary. However, these programs face a number of challenges.

Important Conservation Programs

• Anti-Poaching Programs: Probably the biggest challenges that wildlife within the sanctuary are facing, including poaching; there is an urgent need to have specific units of anti-poaching units patrol the perimeter armed with the best technology available on the market for example, use of drones, infrared cameras; the teams trained on how to observe illegal hunting, trapping activities.

• Wildlife monitoring and research : Ongoing wildlife monitoring programs, including camera trapping and field surveys, assist in tracking the populations of key species. This information becomes useful in devising management plans for species recovery plans concerning animals like tigers and elephants.

• Community Engagement and Education: Engage the local communities around the sanctuary in the conservation process to decrease human-wildlife conflict. Open up eco-tourism and implement awareness programs to make the local villagers aware of the importance of wildlife and its conservation. It also saves the remaining area from destruction by practicing wildlife-friendly farming.

• Water Conservation Projects: Cauvery River forms the mainstay of the ecological system for this sanctuary. The watering process for rivers and streams engaged in this water conservation project is what gives this sanctuary life support both at the flora and fauna level. Other than the above, there is also the process of protection against pollution of the river to mainly agricultural runoff.

Problems encountered

• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Because the sanctuary lies immediately next to human settlement places, some of the challenges accompanying this fact are raiding of crops by elephants and attack of domestic stock by such animals as tigers and leopards. An effort in place to reverse such is attempting at providing boundaries and buffer areas while reaching out to locals through the process.

• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: It is a protected area; yet habitat fragmentation resulting from encroachment and conversion to agriculture and other developments has greatly posed a threat to the wildlife. Often, encroachment leads to habitat reduction in size, putting pressure on animals' populations and movement.

• Poaching and wildlife trade: No sanctuary is an immune to the illegal poaching and wildlife trade, especially those of tigers, elephants, and sandalwood trees. This sanctuary remains a vast, rugged area; challenges will not fade even with increasing efforts on anti-poaching activities.

• Climate Change: The delicate ecosystems of the sanctuary change due to the changing climate patterns. Changes in water cycles, increased temperatures, and changes in vegetation result from these climate changes. This can disturb the natural balance affecting flora and fauna, especially species dependent on specific climate conditions.

Role of the Sanctuary in the Protection of the Cauvery River Ecosystem:

Very importantly, the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary plays a very important role in protecting the ecosystem of southern India's most prominent river, the Cauvery. The river and its tributaries are vital both to the biodiversity present in the sanctuary and for the entire human population surrounding the river, which relies on the water from this river system for irrigation, drinking purposes, and industrious uses. Here's how the sanctuary contributes towards the protection of that ecosystem:

Riparian Conservation The sanctuary will maintain riparian (river-side) habitats and riparian vegetations along Cauvery, the habitat on which many kinds of fish as well as a great number of amphibians survive and which functions to reduce eroded materials swept down by rivulet into the flowing stream. So it also secures the clear water of that river.

• Prevention of Pollution: The sanctuary is doing its share in the conservation effort aimed at preventing pollution caused by agricultural runoff, industrial wastes, and untreated sewage into the river. It aims at maintaining the river's natural flow apart from maintaining quality so that its life can continue to sustain wild as well as human populations that will thrive along downstream.

• Protection of the Floodplains and Wetlands : Nature reserve for floodplains and wetlands along the Cauvery River. Reported breeding and feeding ground for a several species of birds and mammals. They are constituent parts of healthy river ecosystems and help in filtering waters and regulating peak discharges during rainfalls.

• Aquatic Flora and Fauna: Saving of Cauvery may directly support the different species of fresh water turtle, fish, and amphibian species with direct support towards the conservation. Fish is along with the list of the threatened species in this category not to become the catch in the unlawful river fishing business.

• Ecosystem Services: The sanctuary supports the necessary ecosystem services of the river, such as irrigation, flood moderation, and recharging of ground water. The preservation of water flow and quality in the Cauvery River allows the sanctuary to preserve the environment and economy of the region in the long term.

Cultural Importance of Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary

The Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is home to several species of wildlife and much more. The cultural heritage and the place hold spiritual significance. The culture, tradition, and practices of the communities in this area cannot be separated from the location along the river banks in the sanctuary. For centuries, this river and these forests were important for their livelihood and spiritual lives.

History and Cultural Significance of the Land:

The Cauvery is one of the sacred rivers in south India, often referred to as the "Ganges of the South". As such, it has been put through a special mode of sacredness in Hinduism that made it a place of pilgrimage for thousands of years. The river has its history that goes back to the ancient times when it played a pivotal role in the development of kingdoms and civilizations along its course. The sanctuary was established in 1992 partly for the protection of the rich biodiversity in the area. However, this region has been culturally important to local communities since before the time of the establishment of the sanctuary.

• Ancient Settlements: This riverside region of Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary had existed as an abode for some ancient kingdoms such as the Cholas, Mysore Kings, and the latter considered the river as some kind of god-like entity. Examples of temples and palaces existing along the side of the rivers are a few proofs of the long-historic bonds between the water and the folks.

• Agriculture: The river Cauvery had been a center of agricultural practices to the people of the place. It waters large tracts of land under cultivation ages. The banks of the river have developed the most fertile area of agricultural pursuits, and in this region rice, sugarcane, and groundnut crops are mainly raised.

• Art and Culture: The river and the forests of the region have inspired numerous art forms ranging from conventional paintings and sculptures to dance and music. Local festivals like Kaveri Sankramana are celebrated marking the importance of the river in people's lives and the sanctuary area often becomes the center of gravity during such functions.

Local Communities and the Sanctuary:

A local community develops a spiritual affinity for the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, that is a piece of land with an age-old relation of provision and protection towards it. Therefore, their interaction with the sanctuary has been in symbiotic mode with humans living and nature together since ages. Both can benefit through its preservation.

• Traditional Livelihoods: Residents who live in the sanctuary depend mainly on agricultural, fishing, and pastoralism. This is totally dependent on this river. The moving water from this river supports agriculture. It is sustenance water to consumers. It supports the livelihoods of small-scale farmers and different crops through irrigation. Putting conservation boundaries in the sanctuary indicates that the livestock still grazes and is managed through the application of traditional methods adopted by the local villagers in their respective areas that have been set for grazing by the livestock.

• Community Local in the Conservation Process: Community conservation is the other effort. Local makes up the mainly involved community straight with local conservation, especially when it is a place of either eco-tourism or in conserving the forests. Their participation gets due to community-based programs of conservations. Included in guiding members are local as part of which forest guards such activities or an appreciation for being preserved within a given sanctuary and can enjoy income on their local engagement.

• Religious Events: In the locality, the Cauvery River is significant for the locality people and it carries heavy religious significance. The population in the locality is of the perception that the waterbody is aboded with God's presence; people of that area have different forms of spirituality linked to river which includes a numerous religion-oriented events held during worships and daily rituals on temples that amalgamates all people from locality around the source.

Folklore, Myths, and Legends of the Region:

Folklore, myths, and religious stories of the region passed down from generation to generation are present about the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary. There are temples and sacred sites spread all over the region with stories related to the land, the river, and its wildlife.

• Cauvery River and Mythology: It is a divine river in Hindu mythology that assumed the form of water to extinguish the third of the earth. According to the legend of the great sage Agastya, she was formed and became a life-giver to the people. Therefore, it is because of this divine association that the river is sacred, as it represents the cultural and spiritual identity of the land; people from afar visit along the banks to pay their respects.

• River-side Temples: The sanctuary abounds with several ancient Hindu temples, forming a vital part of the religion of the local people. Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangapatna and Gundlupet are a few such notable examples. Spiritually, the river is a lifeline and several temples flank it where one may come seeking spiritual rejuvenation amidst nature, infusing it with devotion.

• Sacred Animals Folklore: Not only do the people living in that land have myths surrounding the inhabitants; the wildlife there has its mythology. The elephant is a divine animal to humanity, and it goes with the myths also, which can describe that animals are seen through a man by their dream or vision or a vision just for them to consecrate with good luck. There is another dominating animal in the sanctuary of wildlife-that is, the tiger. It is mysterious and, thus, worshipped; often an animal that guards the forest.

• Kaveri and the Holy Springs: Throughout parts of the sanctuary, there are holy springs where the locals consider it to be the source site of the river. Local people perform their ritual ceremonies and offer petitions to the deities for prosperity, fertility, and well-being in such holy springs. These holy places are marked by shrines and altars usually offered to the Goddess Kaveri or other local gods and goddesses.

• Role of Folklore in Conservation: Folklores play a significant role in conservation. They create a sense of reverence and respect toward nature and its wildlife. Local stories talking about the sanctity of the forest and river attract the protection of these resources in order to get them protected with the next generation following the traditions for sustainability and repute for nature.

Tourism and Visitor Experience at Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary

More and more, the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is finding its name on the tourism chart of nature lovers, wildlife enthusiasts, and others seeking retreat into the heart of the natural beauty of Karnataka. It caters for a range of facilities and activities designed toward making the experience memorable and ensuring that there is minimum impact on the sensitive ecosystem.

Facilities Available for Tourists:

While not as developed as the tourist attractions that thrive on the business aspect, the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary still provides basic yet cozy facilities for one to enjoy one's visit there.

1. Accommodation Available

Forest Rest Houses: There are a few government rest houses operating inside and around the sanctuary. These offer very basic facilities, so that there is an experience of living in the middle of nature. A few rest houses are located near the river, offering a beautiful landscape view.

Although that experience is more authentic, visitors can also take up a lodging in the so-called eco-resorts or homestays where they are adjacent to the sanctuaries, which in fact are run by some local communities with the objective of sustainable tourism.

Camping: For the adventure-seeker, it is open for camping at all the designated campsites inside the sanctuary. Spending a night under the stars on one side of the river may also turn out to be a wonderful nature lover's night.

2. Picnic Places:

There are excellent places around the banks of Cauvery River where small family groups can picnic, have food and enjoy in those serene ambience.

Bheemeshwari and Galibore are favorite spots outside the sanctuary. There are spectacular riverside locations providing serene views and many shady spots that make them an excellent picnic destination in the wilderness.

3. Food and Dining:

Homestays and most eco-resorts serve local traditional food prepared fresh with vegetables from local farms. Regional cuisine is an assimilation of South Indian spice flavors with rice, lentil preparations, and fresh fish caught directly from the river.

Fresh snacks like idli, dosa, and filter coffee are available from local eateries outside the sanctuary.

Activities and Experiences for Visitors:

 1. Birding:

A bird watcher's paradise, and a haven above 200 species of birds recorded in the district; a congregation of both migratory and resident, perhaps an ideal location for birding enthusiasts.

Some of the common species are Indian Roller, Ruddy Shelduck, Great Hornbill, Malabar Pied Hornbill, and a few species of eagles and kites. Most active at dawn and dusk hours, so the best hour to visit is at those times.

2. Photography :

This sanctuary is a treasure trove of varied flora, fauna, and pristine landscapes; it is therefore an excellent spot for wildlife photography. Photographers can capture the majestic beauty of tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and many more. Macro photography is also quite rewarding here; various insects, reptiles, and wildflowers dot the landscape.

The Cauvery River becomes the perfect nature photography backdrop since the winding curves and reflective water will become a good prop; dense forests and hills allow different kinds of scenery to be taken by outdoor shoots.

3. Wildlife Safari and Jeep Tours:

Jeep safaris are also a good option to roam inside the sanctuary. The visitors could be accompanied by expert rangers who can guide them through wildlife spotting and insight into the ecological system.

There are some trails through dense sal and sandalwood forests and near the river too. You will get a glance at bison and deer or an occasional glimpse of tiger and leopard.

The safaris give a chance to view the flora too because there are some sections of the sanctuary full of medicinal plants.

4. Trekking and Nature Walks:

Trekking is one of the visitor's favourite activities who enjoy roving about with rugged terrains. There are trails of all types of difficulties; some of which take the person to the top of hills to show grand views of the sanctuary.

Guided nature walks can also be taken by the tourists to acquaint with local flora and fauna while walking through the forests. none of the popular routes is the trek along the Cauvery River that leads to Bheemeshwari, known as a spot for river fishing and natural beauty

5. Fishing (Catch-and-Release):

The Cauvery River is full of fish, and fishing is a very popular activity. There are catch-and-release fishing opportunities in some places. But local guidelines should be followed so that the fish population and the aquatic ecosystem are not damaged.

Special permits and arrangements have to be made for fishing. It is better to go with a local guide who knows the river's fishing hotspots.

Travel Tips for Visitors:

1. Best Season to Visit:

Visit the wildlife sanctuary during October to March. This time is very cool and dry. Summer arrives in March and May, which gets very hot. So wild animals are barely seen. From June to September, monsoons occur, leading to heavy rains and slippery as well as quite tough trails to hike.

2. Dress Code:

Wear comfortable clothes appropriate for trekking and other outdoor activities. It is preferred that one wears light-colored clothes because they do not attract as many insects. However, do not wear bright colors as it might disturb the wildlife.

A hat and sunglasses are also advisable in protecting the sun. Wear sturdy shoes while on safari or on nature walks.

3.What to Bring:

Binoculars and a good camera are always a must for bird watching as well as for wildlife photography.

• no sunscreen, insect repellent, and a water bottle mustn't be missed.

• no first aid kit is of great help while trekking through remote areas.

4. Respect Nature:

no one should be always accustomed to the rules of the sanctuary. Keep a respectful distance from the wildlife. Do not make much noise around. Dispose of the wastes judiciously.

Steer clear of beaten tracks to minimize their impact on the ecosystem and, in any case, not uproot the flowers or plants.

5. Guided Tours:

A good local guide can make all the difference. Local guides will keep you abreast in details regarding flora and fauna of the sanctuary and also assist you in identifying any wildlife that would otherwise slip from your notice for you. Local guides are pretty knowledgeable about local myths and folklore as well, giving a tinge of culture to your visit.

6. Safety Precautions:

Though the chances of sighting a tiger or elephant are very less, one must not be careless. Always heed the guide's advice and never stray into the forest by oneself. Carry your mobile phone along with all your emergency contact numbers in case anything untoward happens.

How to Reach Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary

Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is a southern region of Karnataka, accessible yet far from the crowd. This travel guide will share directions on the best routes and mode of transport from neighboring cities such as Bangalore and Mysore.

Travel Routes from Nearby Cities

1. From Bangalore (Distance: ~120 km):

By Car/Taxi: This is the most accessible and comfortable mode of reaching Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary from Bangalore. Driving will be approximately 3 to 4 hours. It is a good route with some nice views, especially around the sanctuary.

Best Route is:

NH209, Known as Kanakapura Road

Continue this road further up to Sathanur and Bheemeshwari. Bheemeshwari is extremely famous place which is located close to the sanctuary.

Visit the sanctum sanctorum and the Forest Rest Houses inside

This circuit takes one through a number of small towns and village areas which give one a glimpse of rural Karnataka.

By Bus: There are quite a number of KSRTC buses from Bangalore to the nearby town of Kanakapura and also towards Bheemeshwari. From here you can hire some local taxi/auto rickshaw which will take hardly 20-25 km from there. This trip, however would take much time compared to driving direct.

2. From Mysore: (Distance-~85 KMS):

By Car/Taxi: The distance between Mysore and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is not too much. It will take approximately 2 to 2.5 hours.

Most scenic route:

• From Mysore take the State Highway 33 towards Hunsur

• Follow Kushalnagar from Hunsur up to the Bheemeshwari route

• One can take a short drive from Bheemeshwari and reach the sanctuary.

By Bus: From Mysore to Bheemeshwari, one can have the advantage of using KSRTC buses though buses are not direct to the sanctuary. Change your bus for local transport- either an auto or a taxi for getting into the sanctuary from Bheemeshwari.

3. Other Cities- Chennai, Coimbatore, etc.

For people coming from even more distant places like Chennai, which is about 350 km from the sanctuary or Coimbatore, about 200 km from the sanctuary, you will be in a better position to reach Bangalore or Mysore by train or flight and thence by road through the routes given above.

Road Routes to the Sanctuary

1. By Car:

• Self-drive: Highly recommended and quite flexible as you can move at your own pace and explore around. Many organizations provide vehicles to drive to this region from Bangalore or Mysore; the rental of cars is easy.

• Private Taxi: If one does not want to drive himself/herself, taxis are always available for hiring from both Bangalore and Mysore. They suit those who wish to travel with comfort and ease. Some taxi companies also offer tours.

2. By Bus:

• KSRTC Buses: Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation operates regular buses from cities such as Bangalore and Mysore to the smaller towns of the sanctuary. It is cheaper, though longer and uncomfortable than your private vehicle.

• Private Buses: Private bus services also operate from Bangalore to the surrounding towns though this is not the easiest route to reach the sanctuary.

3. By Train:

• There is a railway station at the nearest city, Mysore. Then you can hire a taxi or take a local bus to the sanctuary.

• Then there is Bangalore railway station, which permits one to take a train for Mysore or Hunsur and then reach by road.

• While it is not a direct route, train travel may be an alternative if you come from cities that have rail links.

4. By Airport:

(out file Airport: Bangalore (Kempegowda International Airport) which has excellent connectivity with all the cities of India and outside India. From the airport one can get a taxi or hire a car, it took about 3-4 hours to reach overland to the sanctuary. Mysore Airport is not well connected however ideal for a regional flight from adjacent cities.

10. Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the lovely contours of Karnataka's Western Ghats, India. This sanctuary falls under the Shimoga district and is spread over around 430 square kilometers between the hills of the Western Ghats and the banks of the Sharavathi River. This place is a hot bed of ecological importance because it provides a rich variety of flora and fauna.

It lies in the Western Ghats, declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its biodiversity and ecological significance. Sharavathi Valley is known for rich landscapes, thick forests, and plentiful waterfalls Jog Falls is one of the highest in the country.

Formed and For What End

Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary was established in the year 2000 mainly to conserve the region's unique biodiversity and ecosystems. The sanctuary was set up to conserve the wildlife of the area, particularly the endangered and vulnerable species inhabiting this diverse landscape. It is a haven for various animals, birds, and plant species, most of which are endemic to the Western Ghats.

It primarily preserves its rich biodiversity, safeguards the habitat of endangered species, and protects the integrity of the ecosystem for future generations. The second role of the sanctuary is the conservation of water. The Sharavathi River, the water source of the district, constitutes the sanctuary.

Activities conducted in Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

1. Trekking: Deep into the dense forests with waterfalls through scenic trails. The most preferred treks done are Jog Falls trek and Sharavathi backwater trek.

2. Bird Watching: Different species of birds such as hornbills, kingfishers, and eagles have been found here. Therefore, it is indeed paradise for ornithologists.

3. Wild Life Spotting: Leopards, tigers, gaurs, wild boars, and spotted deer may be spotted.

4. Backwater Activities: Kayaking and boating are allowed or simply lounge along the long stretch of the Sharavathi backwaters.

5. Camping: Pitch tents near the backwaters or at designated campsites for a quiet night under the stars.

6. Photography: Waterfalls, wildlife, and scintillating landscapes-a great opportunity to click. The Jog Falls and the surrounding flora do wonders.

7. Waterfall Visits: Visit famous waterfalls like Jog Falls, Honnemaradu, and Dabbe Falls within or near the sanctuary.

8. Nature Walks: o Relishing walking on forest trails to experience the serenity of the environment.

9. Visit Honnemaradu: A scenic village in the backwaters that encourages eco-tourism and offers spectacular sunsets.

10. Ancient Temples: Temple and ruins scattered throughout the sanctuary give a glimpse of the historical and cultural significance.

How to Reach Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

1. By Road:

• The sanctuary is very well connected with all the important cities in Karnataka.

• From Bengaluru: Approx. 380 km (~7-8 hours by car).

• From Shivamogga (Shimoga): 80 km (~2 hours).

• Buses are available from the adjacent towns Sagar and Shivamogga to the sanctuary.

2. By Train:

• Nearest Railway Station: Sagar Jambagaru (30 km away).

• From Sagar, hire a taxi or take a local bus to the sanctuary.

3. By Airport:

• Nearest Airport: Mangalore International Airport (200 km).

• From the airport, hire a cab or take a bus to reach the sanctuary.

4. By Private Transport:

• You can also rent a car or bike for a more flexible travel experience.

• Roads are scenic, with greenery and picturesque views along the way.

11. Mookambika Wildlife

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary was a beauty of biodiversity in the heart of the Western Ghats of India. It was located in the Udupi district of Karnataka. It had been named after the Mookambika Temple, the important religious ground located close by. Varied terrain, rich flora and fauna, and its position strategically between the serene Arabian Sea and the hilly landscape of the Western Ghats had made this sanctuary a place of attraction for wildlife lovers, nature enthusiasts, and pilgrims.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary spans an area of about 250 square kilometers and is located at the foot of the vast Mookambika hill range that falls under the long Western Ghats. This sanctuary has derived its name from the Mookambika Temple, which is the sacred center of the deity Mookambika was worshiped long time ago. This, although very essential to the haven of the sanctuary, is relatively associated with the cultural and spiritual identity of the area. It also attracts many tourists because most people go there so using the opportunity to see the beauty of nature that is available within the haven.

Ecological Importance and Biological Diversity

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary is among the UNESCO-recognized Western Ghats - one of the worlds most unique accumulations of ecosystems with an incredibly high level of endemism. Nested amidst a variety of habitats, ranging from tropical moist deciduous forests and evergreen to montane forests, this sanctuary nurtures an array of fauna and flora that find no parallel in the world.

Flora:

The sanctuary is characterized by dense forests, primarily of teak, rosewood, sandalwood, and several varieties of bamboo. The flora within the sanctuary is wholesome and flourishful, and most species of plants serve as sources of food and shelter for the animals thriving in the sanctuary. Medicinal plants and endemic species like Malabar tamarind and wild nutmeg can also be seen here.

Fauna:

Mookambika wildlife sanctuary accommodates various several species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Among them are the following most outstanding wild-life of the sanctuary.

• Mammals: Large mammals including tigers, leopards, Indian elephants, Indian bison (Gaur), wild boar, and langurs stay inside this sanctuary. Not to mention such a large predators with tigers and leopards; the place itself becomes all the more habitant for Western Ghats.

• Birds: It is quite a good birding site and boasts more than 200 recorded species. The sanctuary is suitable for species, such as the Malabar hornbill, paradise flycatcher, a few woodpecker species, and raptors; it is therefore an extremely important site for birding.

• Reptiles and Amphibians: The Western Ghats have several species of reptiles and amphibians. A few of these are the own to Mookambika sanctuary. It has king cobras and pit vipers and other species of frogs such as the purple frog, which is endangered.

Geography and Topography

This extends along the natural barrier of the Western Ghats running to the Western Coastal Plains and the Deccan Plateau, to the south. The land is mainly of high ranges, deep ravines, and dense forests, where high Mookambika hills raise sharply. Scenery in the Sanctuary ranges from grass-land plains with a few clusters of trees along the streams that give unique habitats which support diverse varieties of plant life and animal inhabitants.

It is flanked by the Agumbe rainforest on the east side and on the western side by the coastal plains. Hence Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary owes its diversity in both the flora and fauna due to this interlinkage between two totally different ecological niches - one the tropical rain forests and the other coastal.

Climate and Best Time to Visit

The climate is usually tropical with clearly defined wet and dry periods. It practically controls the monsoons, although it rains all through June to September, which are usually southwest monsoons. Damp conditions keep alive the healthy biodiversity in this sanctuary.

The sanctuary can be best visited during the cooler months of the year from October to March as the climate shall be amiable, more pleasing to the eyes and apt for the wild as well as trekking. During the rainy periods, all interested visitors to luxuriant foliage and sceneries will witness them, although wildlife viewing may not feel great during those rainy periods.

Wildlife Preservation Initiatives

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary takes on a premier role in safeguarding several endangered species found along the Western Ghats, attributed to several reasons for being endangered. The sanctuary features tigers, leopards, and elephants, therefore finding its spot on various protection programs aimed to preserve such apex predators and their territories. Karnataka's Forest Department and other local organizations concerned with wildlife conservation regularly monitor the wildlife populations and their habitats to maintain the sanctuary as a safe habitat for its inhabitants.

This region is also adopted for ecotourism that has been promoted with the help of conservation activities and sustainable tourism. This sanctuary has been thought as a proper place to carry out the biodiversity conservation project with making locals aware about protection of environment.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Flora and Fauna

Flora:

Some specific features of the Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary are there. Among them is its flora. It is a part of the Western Ghats' tropical evergreen forests, so full of dense forest with an enormous number of plant life species.

• Teak and Rosewood: Most of the other significant species must be there with this Teak tree, may be and this woody plant contributes wood so mainly since it lasts longest. Again inside the upper most strata in the leaf canopy of forest one such species present in Sanctuary should include Rosewood as well.

• Sandalwood: The fact that sandalwood grows on the site further enhances its importance both to the environment and the economy. Sandalwood tree is best suited to use the heartwood of this particular species since it is very valued due to its perfume and has been exploited for thousands of years.

• Medicinal Plants: There are many medicinal plants found in Mookambika Sanctuary that have been used by the different forms of local traditional medical practices like Ayurveda.

Fauna:

The fauna part of this sanctuary is quite beautiful as well. It houses many iconic species as well as the endangered fauna of the Indian subcontinent.

• Tigers: They are an apex predator and somehow might be looked at as an index of the ecological status.

• Leopards: These are found in the habitats like hill as well as rocky tracts habitats of the sanctuary, where these animals are a predator and feed on smaller-sized animals in that area.

• Elephants: The Indian elephant is one of the flagship species of the sanctuary and its migration pattern and movement through the sanctuary is keenly monitored.

• Birds: It has many bird species, including the Malabar hornbill, which is found only in the Western Ghats.

Thousands of reptiles species are present in the Mookambika Sanctuary area. Reptiles have vital habitats for all kings cobra-a species having so much poison within themselves out of reptiles to cause such destructive habit and used also for trade too.

Trekking and Adventure activities

There are a number of trekking trails in Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary; one can be a trekker passing through the denser forests and hills and over rivers in the sanctuary. It will be an adventurous trek as, on this visit, the visitor will have ample opportunities to see and observe the diverse richness of biological life. Some of the popular treks include:

• Mookambika Hill Trek: This trek will take the visitor to the top of Mookambika Hill, from where the panoramic view of the forested valleys of the sanctuary and surrounding areas can be viewed. It is a moderately to difficultly steep hike along rocky paths.

• Agumbe Rainforest Trek: The trek to Agumbe on the immediate side of the sanctuary allows the visitors a passage through the rainforests of the Western Ghats where one may behold the wealth of flora and fauna present here. Included in this are the rare, and most elusive snake in this area; the Malabar pit viper.

• Waterfall Treks: There are many minor waterfalls which are trekked. Among them some noteworthy are the Onake Abbi Falls and Koodlu Theertha Falls

Floristic and Faunistic Photgraphy

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary is an ideal place for a photographer who loves shooting wildlife photography. The sanctuary is a great place to capture the full diversity of flora and fauna in the western ghat region. Giant trees, colored wildflowers, and unseen wildlife, like tigers and leopards, along with birds, just make the perfect backdrop for nature photography.

It is a nice birding spot for taking pictures of the rare and endangered species like Malabar hornbill, Indian roller, and Oriental honey buzzard. The dense forests make an excellent backdrop for photo dramatic shots of these birds in their habitats.

Cultural and Religious Significance

The Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary is highly epitomized with the Mookambika Temple, which is one of the most important places of worship in South India. It is the temple dedicated to goddess Mookambika, and the site is placed at the bottom of Mookambika Hills. Thousands of devotees throng there every year who visit the temple seeking divine benedictions and for different kinds of religious activity. The calm and serene environment around the sanctuary makes the trip all the more peaceful and adds an element to use the venue for both purposes - the fulfillment of the spiritual needs and adventure.

How to Reach Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary

By Road

• From Kollur: The sanctuary is a mere 5 km drive from the pilgrimage town Kollur. Autos or taxis can be hired to reach the sanctuary.

• Udupi : 80km approx. 2 hours. Frequent buses and taxis ply from Udupi to Kollur

• Mangalore: About 125 km 3-4 hours. Bus or taxi

• Bangalore: Approximately 450 km 8-9 hours. KSRTC and private buses link the city to the Sanctuary

By Train

• The nearest Railway Station is Byndoor Mookambika Road BYNR, that is 28kms away

• From Byndoor, hire a taxi or bus to reach Kollur and then to the sanctuary.

By Air

• Nearest Airport: Mangalore International Airport (120 km).

• From the airport, hire a taxi or take a bus to Kollur.

By Private Transport

• Roads to the sanctuary are well-maintained and offer scenic views of the Western Ghats. Self-driving or hiring a private cab is a convenient option.

12. Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is an important natural sanctuary in the state of Karnataka, India. It extends across the enviable Western Ghats and forms a vital component of the biodiversity of this region. Ecologically, this place has many historic values along with rich flora and fauna, which in every way give full scope to the lovers of nature as well as adventure to look it ahead to be looked at. This in-depth discussion will cover a variety of topics regarding Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary to give an overview of the significance of this place.

Location and Geography

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the coastal region of Karnataka's South Western Ghats. This sanctuary lies between the cities of Mangalore and Udupi, so it is relatively easy to access for tourists and researchers. It falls under a larger area known as the Western Ghats, which has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their importance in the ecosystem.

The sanctuary encompasses a vast stretch of nearly 88.6 square kilometers of scenes spread across the valleys, rivers, and all other geographical features that range from rich evergreen to rugged hills of varied characteristics. The area of the sanctuary assumes the tropical climate but gifted annually with the period of monsoons which in a considerable percentage contributes towards plant life.

The Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary varies in elevation from 30 meters to 900 meters above sea level; there are very diverse ecosystems as well as quite a variety of flora and fauna species. There can therefore be broad divisions of the wildlife sanctuary into two regions: firstly, the hills covered with dense forests and then the coastal plain. The natural boundaries of the sanctuaries are defined by the Someshwara River at its western end that adds serenity to the landscape that encloses it.

Flora and Vegetation

The Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary mainly comprises tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, and grasslands. With its diverse climate and variety of soils at the location, multiple species of flora are allowed. Many species of shrubs, flowering plants, and trees form a dense canopy in the lowland and montane plants, contributing to the varied flora of the sanctuary.

One of the places that falls in the biodiversity hotspot of Western Ghats is a sanctuary. Therefore, the sanctuary is full of endemic plant species. Many of the renowned trees found in the sanctuary include rosewood, jackfruit, banyan, teak, and bamboo besides many more medicinal plants. Most of the species are precious for the local application and also for commercial use.

In addition to these tall trees, dense shrubs and undergrowth provides shelter to small mammals and reptiles. Conifers ensure the forest will always be lush all through the year. The conifers ensure a well-balanced stability in the ecosystem of the flora and fauna.

Fauna and Wildlife

This sanctuary mainly boasts of a high variety of diversified flora and fauna. There are various species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians here. Most of them are only found in this region, and a few species have habitats only in small pockets in the Western Ghats.

Mammals:

The sanctuary is home to several mammal species, the majority of which have been categorized on different lists of conservation status as their population has become fewer. Some of the most common kept mammals within the sanctuary include:

• Elephants: Of all the species of elephants, it is the Indian elephant that one finds most visibly in this sanctuary. It is indeed the elephant one finds in the wooded tracts of Someshwara. Repeatedly venturing into the grasslands and the open clearings in this sanctuary one sees the creature.

• Tigers and Leopards: The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) and Indian leopard (Panthera pardus) may be seen within the denseness of forests of this sanctuary, although its elusiveness can be due to the solitary nature of this creature and so it appears rarely. Hence, the value of the tiger corridor is all the more reduced.

• Wild Boar: The other notable one to inhabit this sanctuary is the Indian wild boar, Sus scrofa cristatus. The animals are usually seen rooting out food in thick undergrowth and play a role in seed dispersal for the ecological environment.

• Barking Deer Muntjac, Muntiacus muntjak: This sanctuary is home to a very vocal barking deer. Other small to moderately sized deer prefer shy and retiring habits.

Others are the Indian pangolin, sloth bear, jackal, civet, and a few of thousands of other rodents, and primates, which include macaques and langurs.

Birds

The bird population of Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is indeed mind-boggling. Several species can survive here under densely forested and wetland conditions. Several varieties of migratory birds have been recorded passing through the sanctuary while migrating during their travels in various seasons. Among these are:

• Malabar Trogon: The western ghats color trogon has made this place a bird sighting hub. Bright colors make the upper canopy of the forest a great vantage point to view the Malabar Trogon.

• Indian Pitta: Highly tiny, brightly coloured bird in its plumage and often seen during monsoons. Identification is largely dependent on a musical call, though a few more other features help, so it remains an extremely sought after species within the sanctuary.

• Great Hornbill: The bird is a good symbol for the size and presence of a distinctive casque on the beak. The bird flies over the forested parts of the sanctuary.

Other species worth mentioning include the white-bellied woodpecker, the Nilgiri flycatcher, and various species of owls, eagles, and vultures. Enthusiasts for birds thronged from every corner of the world to observe these extraordinary birds in their natural habitat.

It also provides habitat to several species of reptiles and amphibians other than the innumerable habitats offered in the sanctuary. Frogs, toads, and lizards are well-supported here since the wet weather, primarily at Someshwara, assists these species in their pools, streams, and wetland zones of the sanctuary.

The most common reptile species found in the sanctuary is the non-poisonous Indian rock python, which can even consume larger prey. Other reptiles include various species of snakes, lizards, and turtles.

Conservation Activities

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is one among the prominent centers for the region's biodiversity. Support towards its protection mainly comes in a collaboration effort between state and central levels. The proximity of the protected area with another western Ghats protected area, Kudremukh National Park has assisted the migration of wildlife and consequently produced genetic exchange and long term survival of species.

The Karnataka Forest Department administers the sanctuary and conducts a range of measures to preserve the wildlife in the sanctuary along with their protection. The Karnataka forest department at regular intervals conducts research and survey work associated with the population of wildlife and habitat status under the support of a number of other organizations who try for the welfare of the wildlife. Most of the grave threats to the sanctuary ecosystems are through poaching, deforestation, and habitat loss. The anti-poaching units put effective resistance to these threats.

In the past few years, the growing concern regarding eco-tourism can be said to be one of the ways through which revenues from conservation are being raised while marketing the importance of the preservation of wildlife. This effort of the eco-tourism emphasizes practicing sustainability while allowing the tourists to view the beauty around the sanctuary without harming the environment.

Activities and Attractions

The sanctuary is rich in biodiversity and offers the following activities to the nature lovers, wildlife enthusiasts, and adventure-seekers.

• Trekking: The sanctuary offers various trekking trails, ranging from meagre trails that take them deep into the heart of the forest, passing different breathtaking views of surrounding hills and valleys. These treks allow an exploration of the rich ecosystems of the sanctuary and spotting of various wildlife species.

• Bird Watching: This offers a massive area for bird watching, both local and migratory birds. Bird viewing trails are located in strategic look-out areas.

• Wildlife Safaris: It is an excursion into the deep interior of the sanctuary. This is a guided safari specifically made to observe wildlife elephants, tigers, leopards, and so on, different species of birds in their natural setting.

• Nature Treks: The guided nature treks are great ways through which students can learn the flora and fauna of the sanctuary. The nature treks allow one to see wildlife of the sanctuary accompanied by people who know the surroundings.

How to Reach Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary

By Road

From Udupi:

• Distance: 50 km (1.5 hours).

• Buses and taxis are available from Udupi to Hebri, the nearest town to the sanctuary.

From Mangalore:

• Distance: 85 km (2 hours).

• Take a bus or taxi to Hebri, and then proceed to the sanctuary.

From Bengaluru:

• Distance: ~380 km (7-8 hours).

• KSRTC and private buses connect Bengaluru to Hebri or Udupi.

By Train

• Nearest Railway Station: Udupi Railway Station (~50 km away).

• Drive a taxi or bus from Udupi towards Hebri. Finally, travel to the shrine.

By Airport

• The closest airport is Mangalore International Airport and it is roughly ~85 kilometres.

• Taxis or buses to the place of arrival Hebri. By Private Transportation

• Private transport options can be comfortably travelled on very good roads up from cities as such Udupi, Mangalore or even as far as Bengaluru.

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