Banasura Hill Trek

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Banasura Hill Overview

Banasura Hill, a hill of rocks in the scenic Wayanad district in Kerala, India, is the most unique geographical and ecological feature of the region. It is the highest point in the Wayanad district and also one of the highest peaks of the Western Ghats. Famous for its viewscapes, flora, and tremendous biodiversity, Banasura Hill is a paradise for nature enthusiasts, adventure tourists, and ecologists. The hill gets its name from the mythological demon king Banasura, a well-known personality in Hindu mythology, and therefore the location has an extra cultural and historical value. The hill is part of the series of Banasura Western Ghats hills and part of the constituent element of the ecological corridor that preserves the balance of flora and fauna of this hotspot of biodiversity. Banasura Hill is situated to the north of Wayanad district close to Padinjarathara town. It falls under the Western Ghats, which is a UNESCO World Heritage location owing to its unique biological richness and environmental values. The hill is surrounded by dense forests, rolling meadows, and several waterfalls that make it beautiful. Banasura Sagar Dam, India's largest earth dam and a major tourist attraction, lies at the foot of Banasura Hill. The geographical significance of the hill and its location in the Western Ghats make it a crucial element of regional geography and ecotourism.

Banasura Hill is a significant place in regional geography as well as the tourism sector. Geographically, it is a prominent feature of the Western Ghats mountain chain, a natural wind barrier during the monsoons that regulates Kerala's climate. The hill contributes importantly to the hydrological balance of the region with many streams and waterfalls to supply the Kabini River. Such water courses with their existence make the surrounding country fertile and cultivable as well as applicable for the maintenance of local settlers. The forests covering the landscape, consisting of evergreen and semi-evergreen species, are home to a luxuriant range of wildlife in the shape of elephants, leopards, Malabar giant squirrels, and other endemic birds. Tourism in itself, Banasura Hill is a trekking and adventure sport lover's paradise. The hike up to the top is a laborious but fulfilling adventure, offering splendid scenery of the nearby valleys, Banasura Sagar Dam, and distant ranges. Trekking in the dense forest, rock-based topography and misty area is a lifetime experience for travellers. In addition to trekking, the travellers come to the hill also for camps, bird sightseeing, and majestic sunrise and sunset scenery.

As a result of the growing popularity of the concept of eco-tourism in Wayanad, the importance of Banasura Hill as a compulsory visit has grown further. Yet another of the most important factors of the importance of Banasura Hill is that it is part of the ecosystem of the Western Ghats. Western Ghats of Sahyadri Hills is one of the eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity in the world list. Banasura Hill is responsible for such biodiversity in the way that it is inhabited by varied species of plants and animals, most of which are found nowhere else in the world. The hillside forest is a significant carbon sink because it regulates the impact of global warming as it sequesters carbon dioxide. In addition, the region's high biodiversity sustains ecological equilibrium and livelihoods at local scales, particularly through sustainable agriculture and ecotourism. The hill is also significant as a water-conserving zone. The vegetation cover on Banasura Hill maintains soil moisture and avoids soil erosion, which is vital in maintaining the surrounding agricultural fields. The streams and rivulets whose origin is on the hill assist in providing water to nearby settlements in the form of a perpetual supply of water annually. The availability of the Banasura Sagar Dam at the foot of the hill also assists in enhancing the supply and storage of water for agricultural and power purposes.

Apart from its natural importance, Banasura Hill also holds cultural and mythological importance. The hill, it is said, derives its name from Banasura, son of King Mahabali, a figure highly revered in Kerala folklore. Banasura allegedly did austere penance on the hill and thus was granted boons by Lord Shiva. The mythic connection adds a touch of spiritual beauty to the hill, drawing the pilgrim as well as the student of history. The environments of Banasura Hill are culturally rich in tribal culture such that native indigenous local societies carry traditional knowledge, practices, and traditions that they pass down to generations. Locals going up the hill find themselves involved with the lifestyle and culture of the native communities enriching the excursion with cultural flourishing. Banasura Hill is not only a scenic and adventurous location but also a crucial ecological unit that promotes biodiversity conserves water systems and contributes to regional environmental well-being.

Since tourism is only starting to develop in Wayanad, there must be encouragement towards sustainable and responsible practices to maintain the natural splendour and ecological equilibrium of Banasura Hill. Conservation programs, eco-tourism enterprises, and awareness drives all contribute to a great extent to the reality that this virgin terrain is preserved for generations to come to view and marvel at. Lastly, Banasura Hill is a scenic monument in Wayanad providing the ideal combination of adventure, nature, and eco-tourism. Located in the Western Ghats, and being rich in biodiversity and culturally significant it is an irreplaceable jewel to the environmental and tourism heritage of the state of Kerala. For trekking, wildlife observation, or simply observing the beauty of nature, Banasura Hill is a witness to the unmatched majesty and ecological diversity of India's Western Ghats.

Mythological and Historical Significance

One name that does so is that of Banasura. Such a name cries out for powerfully Indian myth and history, especially that of Hindu myth and local-region folklore. The demon king Banasura was named after the mythological character with that name, to our fortune one of the best-known individuals in Hindu literature largely in the Puranas. His legend gets incorporated into Lord Shiva's, Lord Krishna's, and other gods' mythology too, and thus Banasura is quite an interesting fellow of religious and historical tales.

Origin of the Name "Banasura"

The word "Banasura" came from Hindu mythology since Banasura was a powerful asura king and a son of Mahabali, the powerful asura king revered in Kerala, particularly during Onam festival celebrations. Banasura was an ardent follower of Lord Shiva and known for his monstrous strength and abilities. His name is mostly synonymous with different localities in India, especially locations that represent his mythological presence.

Myths of Banasura and the Hill

One of the tales of Banasura narrated so many times is regarding his enthusiasm for Shiva. Banasura underwent a tough penance to satisfy Shiva, and that was to gain additional power and safety. When Shiva was satisfied with his penance, he granted him a boon in which he made him almost invincible. Banasura employed his kingdom with colossal power and had a thousand arms, and he used all of them to engage in wars in an attempt to conquer his foes. But he became more and more proud with time. Banasura, to prove his power, had, at one point, requested a worthy adversary from Lord Shiva. Shiva, knowing that Banasura's pride was increasing, informed him that he would receive a worthy adversary shortly. This did happen when Banasura's daughter, Usha, fell in love with Aniruddha, who was the grandson of Lord Krishna. Usha thought of Aniruddha and, assisted by her friend Chitralekha, brought him to her palace in Sitapura.

When Banasura came to know of their affair, he imprisoned Aniruddha, and this resulted in a great battle between Banasura and Lord Krishna. This battle, known as the Banasura Yuddha, is one of the heroic battles mentioned in Hindu scriptures. In this fight, Lord Krishna and his troops fought bravely against Banasura. Lord Shiva intervened with the assistance of which Krishna defeated Banasura by severing his thousand arms and keeping four. Lord Shiva asked Krishna to leave Banasura's life. Banasura yielded and promised to surrender himself to Krishna. This mythological battle is said to have occurred in areas under the jurisdiction of Banasura, and it is largely believed that there are residual traces of such mythological periods among certain hills and landscapes, including Wayanad, Kerala, and Northeast India. Wayanad's Banasura Hills are mostly identified with the demon king and are believed to have formed part of his extensive kingdom.

Historical References in Ancient Scriptures and Accounts

Though Banasura is only available in mythological sources, his kingdom and his reign are mentioned in a few Hindu texts such as the Bhagavata Purana, the Vishnu Purana, and the Harivamsa. These religious texts tell us about the glory of his kingdom, Shonitapura, as it was stated to be a nicely fortified city with marvellous architectural masterpieces. A few of the ancient writings describe that the legend of Banasura might be either a reflection of true history or kings. It is said by some historians that myths regarding powerful asura kings such as Banasura may be allegorical descriptions of local kings who at first resisted Vedic expansion and eventually got incorporated into Hindu cultures. The war waged by Banasura with Krishna can symbolize the fight between various cultures or the integration of various traditions into the wider Hindu mainstream. In addition, Banasura in local mythology has occasionally been equated with old dynasties and tribes that had settled in India's northeast and south.

Banasura's myth is connected to Kerala and Assam history in some accounts when he is a revered ancestor or tribal god in some of the tribes. That the regions are home to megalithic burial tombs and the remains of historical defences is also assistance in supplementing speculation that the tale of Banasura may have emerged after real events later susceptible to myth. Banasura Hills and Its Relationship to the Story Perhaps the most famous geographical place connected with Banasura is the Banasura Hills of Wayanad, Kerala. As much as one of the most naturally beautiful landscapes in the world, the hills have a powerful mythological and cultural significance too. Banasura is commonly thought to have been a ruler here at one point in time, and remnants of his reign continue to dominate the local folk culture.

Here is the Banasura Sagar Dam, Asia's second-largest and India's largest earth dam. The site is also simply called Banasura, validating the link between the myth and the location. The surrounding hills are where Banasura fled once the war had been lost, and so the site remains enigmatic and holy. Pilgrims and visitors alike visit these hills not only for their splendour but also as an effort to connect with the spiritual and historic reports regarding Banasura. There are plenty of temples and shrines within the gods that inhabit the site and enter Banasura history, thus the site is a culturally important one. The Banasura legend is a rich blend of history, myth, and folk tradition. His story, as it has come down to us in the Puranas, contains strands of piety, pride, divine intervention, and ultimate acceptance of superior wisdom. Although his association with a specific time or dynasty by historians is still speculative, his presence in ancient literature and folk tradition suggests that he could be an abiding cultural figure whose impact endured across the centuries. Whether as a mythological asura monarch or representative of actual historical monarchs, Banasura's name remains referred to in prominent geographical and cultural sites in India. From the epic warfare of the Bhagavata Purana to the landscape of the Banasura Hills, his name remains a part of India's glorious history and mythology.

Geography and Natural Features

Altitude and Ranking Among Kerala's Highest Peaks

Topographically diverse Kerala enjoys high-altitude hills of immense beauty. Of all of them, the most notable high-altitude massifs belong to Wayanad district whose highest massif is Banasura Hill of Kerala among the Western Ghats. This measures about 2,073 meters (6,801 feet) above mean sea level and stands second in India only after Anamudi in the Eravikulam National Park. Banasura range is one of the Western Ghats, and it is a World Heritage Site as per UNESCO. It is highly renowned due to its extreme biodiversity and ecological importance. The altitude of the region is vital in determining the climate, vegetation, and ecosystem of the region as a whole. The region has a cool, moist climate due to the higher altitude, and the temperature is extremely low in the mornings and evenings. The climate is so favourable that the region is suitable for trekking with excellent panoramic views of the hill landscape, valleys, and bodies of water covering the top.

Terrain, Rock Formations, and Soil Type

The landscape of the Banasura Hill area consists of rugged hills, outcrops, and dense forests and is an arduous yet stimulating trek for nature lovers and trekkers. The geological history of the Western Ghats extends a few million years back, and the rocks here consist mainly of charnockite, granite, and gneiss. The old rocks have created the rugged topography, resulting in fascinating cliffs and escarpments that characterize the geography of the area. Soils here are varied by altitude and vegetation. Lower slopes have lateritic soil, common in the Western Ghats, and is made up of iron and aluminium. The type of soil supports dense forests and plantations, especially of spices such as pepper and cardamom. With rising altitude, the soil becomes loamy and well-drained, supporting high-altitude grasslands and specialized endemic plant species. The primary force behind the shaping of Banasura Hill's geography has been erosion, thanks to rains during the monsoon season that have formed deep gorges and valleys. The hills overall are dotted with tiny waterfalls and streams, which only serve to add to the character of the place. The existence of quartzite and feldspar in some of these places provides a richness of mineral content to the area, and geologists and scientists interested in finding out about the geological past of the Western Ghats are especially interested in the site.

Water Bodies Around (Banasura Sagar Dam)

Yet another aspect of the place is that it owns the Banasura Sagar Dam, a mythical lake lying in Wayanad's rolling hills. The dam is Asia's second-largest and India's biggest dam, constructed over the tributary known as Karamanathodu to Kabini River. Situated in the hilly mist of the Banasura range, the dam is not only a huge hydroelectric venture but also a resort in high demand for the scenic location. The lake is wide enough to span several square kilometres and serves as a big source of potable water as well as irrigation needs for the area. Banasura Sagar backwaters also create an equally stunning visual feast with the hills by creating small islands that are rising and falling based on fluctuating water levels. These islands are heavily vegetated, contributing to the secrecy of the location and aiding in protecting various aquatic and avian life. In addition to its irrigation and hydroelectric purposes, the reservoir is a centre of ecotourism activities like kayaking, boating, and trekking. The serene waters mirror the top of the Banasura hills, and to be amidst such pristine beauty is the ultimate desire of every photographer and nature enthusiast.

Exclusive Flora and Fauna

Banasura Hill landscape and the allied forests are enormously rich in biodiversity, and they are mostly responsible for the eco-richness of the Western Ghats. The varied elevation and climatic status support an enormous variety of vegetation and animal kingdoms, a tremendous number of them being exclusive to this zone. Tropical semi-evergreen and evergreen forests predominate on the lower slopes of the Banasura hills, and these are made up of giant trees like teak, rosewood, and Indian mahogany. The dense forests have a rich luxuriance of fauna in the shape of elephants, leopards, Malabar giant squirrels, and the endemic Nilgiri tahr. The upper and middle slopes are shola grasslands, stunted bushes and trees scattered in between, which are cold climatic tolerant as well as wet weather adapted. The most interesting feature of the flora of this region is that it thrives alongside some of the rare medicinal orchids and flowers. Some of the forests are occupied by plants such as the Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana), which blooms every thirteen years, lining the hill slopes in a mysterious blue blanket. Some of the endemic moss and ferns occupy the wet and dark places formed by the leaf canopy cover and perennial streams. The avifauna of the region is also diverse in terms of composition, and the forest is a vital refuge for some bird species like the Malabar pied hornbill, great Indian hornbill, and woodpeckers and flycatchers of diverse species.

Bird enthusiasts to the destination are usually treated with the view of these lovely endemic birds, and to nature enthusiasts and bird watchers, it's heaven on earth. Reptiles and amphibians also thrive in the humid climate of Banasura region. Western Ghats contain endemic frogs like the Malabar gliding frog and the Wayanad bush frog which inhabit the streams and waterfalls. King cobra and the Malabar pit viper are snakes that live in the hideouts, ensuring ecological balance in the area. The biodiversity of the region also exists in its insects, and the richness of diversity in butterflies, beetles, and dragonflies contributes to the rich ecological capital of the system. Honeybees and butterflies are major contributors to the subtle ecological balance of the Western Ghats. Banasura Hill region is a nature paradise and ecological wealth storehouse. Its sky-touching mountainous landscape, undulating hills, and rich soil provide an invigorating atmosphere with a rich diversity of flora and fauna. Banasura Sagar Dam is the icing on the cake, rounding off the series with a mix of nature and man-made wonders. It is not just blessed with natural scenery and thrilling trekking tours but also inhabited by numerous species and hence the most important destination for nature enthusiasts and adventure enthusiasts. Climate and Best Time to Visit for Trekking and Tourism in India India, with its varied topography and height, possesses very disparate climatic conditions that play a huge role in influencing trekking and tourism. Climatic conditions vary immensely from place to place, from the snow of the Himalayas in the north to the tropical Western Ghats in the south. It is extremely important to take these differences into account while organizing a safe and enjoyable trekking or travel experience.

Weather Conditions During the Seasons

India has four seasons winter, summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon/autumn. All of them have their conventional role in dividing trekking routes and holiday destinations.

Winter (December to February)

Winter snows in the northern Himalayas attract adventure travellers to high-altitude treks such as the Chadar Trek in Ladakh and Kedarkantha Trek in Uttarakhand. It makes some routes such as Roopkund and Stok Kangri impassable because of extremely cold weather, heavy snow, and the risk of avalanches. Southern and western India are cool and pleasant and a good time to visit seashores, wildlife sanctuaries, and cultural heritage.

Summer (March to June)

With rising temperatures, summer releases high-altitude treks in Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh. Valley of Flowers, Hampta Pass, and Rupin Pass are on the agenda. Western and central India regions like Gujarat and Rajasthan are scorching hot, and trekking is not pleasant. Ladakh and Spiti Valley are also full of tourists, though, as roads are open. The Western Ghats and the Northeastern hills provide relatively cooler refuge.

Monsoon (July to September)

There is intense rain during monsoon in most of India and is therefore not safe to travel because of landslides, flooded rivers and slippery roads. The Himalayas, i.e., Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Sikkim, experience unstable weather, leading to probable roadblocks. But Western Ghats are lush with new greens and full-fledged waterfalls now. Rajmachi Fort Trek, Dudhsagar Falls Trek, and Harishchandragad Trek are a few of the best monsoon treks. Sanctuaries also come alive but might get truncated by waterlogging. Post-Monsoon/Autumn (October to November) This season is generally optimum for Himalayan trekking. Blue skies, stunning scenery of the white mountain crests, and trekking trails such as Everest Base Camp (from India), Goechala, and Annapurna Circuit (in the Nepal region) receive maximum tourist traffic during this season. Weather is pleasant and mild throughout the bulk of the country, and thus a perfect time for hiking and tourism too. Festivals like Diwali and Durga Puja also have massive crowds.

Flora and Fauna of Western Ghats: Biodiversity Treasure Trove

Western Ghats, as a World Heritage Site in terms considered by UNESCO and one of the eight "hottest" biodiversity hotspots of the world, is an eco-paradise with lush green flora and fauna. Spanning six Indian states of Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, the mountain system is significant in maintaining ecological stability, governing monsoonal climatic regimes, and nurturing diverse life. The unique topography, climatic regime, and insularity of the Western Ghats have promoted an unrivalled diversity of endemic species, and the area has developed into a high-level ecological hotspot.

Rich Biodiversity of the Western Ghats

The Western Ghats have immense mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, and insect diversity along with flora. According to biodiversity surveys, it is assumed to have over 7,400 animal and plant species, and almost all of them are endemic species. Since it possesses wide ranges of forests, rivers, and diversified altitudes, the area consists of diversified biomes from tropical rainforest to montane grasslands.

Conservation Challenges and Efforts

Though there is favourable ecology in the Western Ghats, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, poaching, and climate change are posing threats to them. Urbanization, agricultural development, and infrastructure development have encroached on the wildlife corridors, and human-wildlife conflict has increased at a higher rate. Government, NGOs, and local communities conservation activities have maintained the biodiversity of the Western Ghats. Conservation by schemes like Project Tiger, and Project Elephant, and declaration of biosphere reserves like Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve have also been the cause to a great extent for wildlife conservation. Man-managed conservation activities and ecotourism also contributed towards sensitization and sustainable local livelihood.

Banasura Sagar Dam: Wonder of Nature and Engineering

Sitting in Kerala's picturesque Wayanad district, Banasura Sagar Dam is a triumph of man versus nature and nature versus man. Recorded in the annals of history as India's largest earth dam and Asia's second-largest dam, this stunning reservoir is a topmost favourite among domestic tourists today. Surrounded by the rolling greenery of hills and its still waters, Banasura Sagar Dam is thrilling, serenity, and eye candy at its best.

Importance as India's Largest Earthen Dam

Banasura Sagar Dam is an important piece of India's infrastructure. The dam was built using enormous heaps of stones and boulders instead of concrete. The earthen dam has great importance when it comes to water storage and irrigation. Banasura Sagar Dam was built over River Karamanathodu, which is a tributary of the Kabini River, in 1979 as a part of the Banasura Hydro-Electric Project. The prime objective of the dam is to enable hydroelectricity and irrigation power generation within the Wayanad district, which is famous for its gigantic paddy fields and spice plantations. Its construction is also required to safeguard the area from the monsoon flood. Its high water carrying capacity gives livelihood to indigenous and agrarian for their utilization in the purpose of cultivation and domestic use. Banasura Sagar Dam, being so large in actual practical utility, also forms one of the most significant places in Kerala to visit for nature tourists, camera tourists, and sports tourists.

Hill and Dam's Water Source Relationship

Amongst the most interesting facts about Banasura Sagar Dam is its link with the range of hills that encircle it. Banasura dam itself was named thus after a mythological demon from Hindu mythology named Banasura, who reportedly performed unimaginable penances within these very same hills themselves. Banasura Hills grandly rising into the horizon add to the landscape of the reservoir and this landscape too which has a mix of geography and mythology. The dam created a reservoir that had several small islands which become more prominent on wet days when water overflows. The islands had existed before the dam was built since water would overflow at the lower land slopes. Interdependence exists between the hills and the water reservoir since the slopes help in collecting rainwater in the reservoir to have water each year. The second of these surprising views of this region is the hill covered in mist of the surrounding region of the dam. The whole region across the early morning and dusk times is covered by spiritual mist, giving more of a spiritual touch to the traveller. It is the combination of water and hills that makes Banasura Sagar Dam an eco marvel with the opulence of various vegetation and animal lives predominantly in such peaceful environments.

Boating and Adventure Sports near the Dam

Banasura Sagar Dam is a personification of beauty but heaven on earth for adventure lovers as well. Boating, among the favourite games played here, is the mode by which common masses get to appreciate the landscapes around the reservoir. They offer pedal boats and speed boats on rent that are a new means of rolling over the gigantic waterbody. A speed boat ride across the dam is an adrenaline rush, zooming down the peaceful waters, and providing stunning views of the hill and floating island landscape. Adventure seekers have sufficient space to move around in the Banasura Hills. Climbing to the hilltop offers tourists a bird's eye view of the dam, the valley, and Wayanad's green landscape. The trekking path is easy and welcoming to beginners and experts alike. Some tourists undertake the journey to the dam also combined with a trek to the Meenmutty Waterfalls, another one of Wayanad's natural wonders, boasting a resplendent cascade in a verdant backdrop. In addition to boating and trekking, ziplining and nature walks are also available in the dam compound. The nature walks inside and outside the dam have also helped to popularize the dam as a place for tourists to remain close to nature as well as engage in outdoor activities. Even the tribal villages surrounding the area can be accessed by the tourists to familiarize themselves with Wayanad's Indigenous cultures and infuse the cultural flavour into their experience.

One Stop Not to Miss in Kerala

Banasura Sagar Dam is not just a water reservoir but also an adventure, nature, and culture tour. Whether you desire a peaceful retreat in the arms of nature or an adrenaline rush through adventure sports, there is something for every person here. The best time to visit would be the post-monsoon season from September to March when the reservoir is full of water and the greens surrounding it are green in color. A trip to Wayanad is never complete without the experience of witnessing the splendour of Banasura Sagar Dam. For its natural splendour, adventure-sport facilities, and ecological value, this mythological site is a treasure of Kerala's nature and engineering expertise.

Tourist Spots Around Banasura Hill

Banasura Hill, in the picturesque Wayanad district of Kerala, is a nature enthusiast's paradise, an adventure tour operator's dream, and a sanctuary for all those who want to relish the bliss of serene ambience. One of the Western Ghats, Banasura Hill is the second-highest peak in the region and is surrounded by a series of high-diversity places of interest that attract visitors to their natural beauty, adventure sports, and heritage. Of the numerous tourist places near Banasura Hill, the most fascinating ones are Meenmutty Waterfalls, Karlad Lake, Pookode Lake, and Edakkal Caves. These are a mix of adventure, recreation, and history and are hence the destinations one simply cannot afford to miss on a visit to Wayanad.

• Meenmutty Waterfalls: Meenmutty Waterfalls is one of the most picturesque and highest waterfalls of Wayanad, cascading from a height of nearly 300 meters (984 feet) in three cascades. Located far away in dense tropical rainforests, it's a challenging but rewarding journey along dense rainforest, wet slippery boulders, and twisting paths to reach the waterfalls. "Meenmutty" literally translates to "Meen" (fish) and "Mutty" (blocked) in Malayalam, a place where fish are barred. The three-tiered falls is nothing but a sheer panoramic view down the surrounding valley and the forest and nature enthusiasts and shutterbugs' delight. The hike to the Meenmutty Waterfalls is approximately 2 kilometres and must be done in trekking attire and with the assistance of a guide. Trekking is done on curving paths, across tiny water streams and boulders, and ultimately to the thudding falls creating a preternatural misty landscape. The simple velocity of water descending downward is an intoxicating experience, with the chilliness of air and soothing noise of water falling complementing the tranquillity of the atmosphere. Being in a remote place, Meenmutty Waterfalls is less visited than other travel spots, so this is the ideal destination for anyone wishing to be single. But travellers have to be careful, especially when it rains because there is strong water flow, so the stones are slippery and the climb gets difficult.

• Karlad Lake: Karlad Lake is yet another hidden gem just close to Banasura Hill, where nature enthusiasts and adventure enthusiasts can have a relaxing and rejuvenating experience. This new lake, a couple of kilometres from Banasura Sagar Dam, is thickly forested, and therefore it is a very good spot for nature enthusiasts, bird watchers, and adventure activity enthusiasts as well. While people-thronged Pookode Lake is one thing, Karlad Lake is not so crowded and is a peaceful haven amidst the urban hubbub. The most sought-after feature of Karlad Lake is the range of adventure sports it offers to tourists. Be it zip-lining or kayaking, zorbing in water or boat cruising, the lake offers an adrenaline-packed combination of land and aquatic sports. The calm surface of the lake provides a serene environment for kayaking, and it is simple to paddle its beautiful landscape. Zip-lining across the lake provides a thrilling experience, and there is a bird's eye view of glistening lake water and dense forests. To enjoy a serene experience, Karlad Lake is perfect for picnics, meditation, and a serene walk on its well-tarred roads. Its high green cover percentages enable it to host diverse birds and thus become the perfect idyllic getaway for bird-watching and photography enthusiasts to capture stunning scenery. With its serene environment and activity-filled activities, Karlad Lake is the perfect family, couples, and solo getaway.

• Pookode Lake: Pookode Lake is the most frequented lake and most beautiful lake in Wayanad that welcomes tourists to it with its enchanting beauty and unique geography. The freshwater lake is surrounded by dense forests and rolling hills and is in the shape of the map of India with dense flora and fauna. The crystal clear water of the lake mirrors the green around it, forming a postcard-like situation that surprises the tourists. Boating is one of the very popular sports enjoyed in Pookode Lake, and rowboats and pedal boats can be employed by tourists to travel on the calm water. While paddling along on their way, they get chances to see colourful aquatic plants and animals such as freshwater fishes and water lilies. The shores of the lake are filled with forests, which beautify it and make it an ideal place for nature walks. Besides boating, there is a hygienic walking track surrounding Pookode Lake for casual walking, a children's park, and a handicrafts and spice bazaar where local goods can be purchased as souvenirs. They even have a freshwater aquarium with various species of fish. For bird enthusiasts, Pookode Lake will be an exciting spot because it has various species of migratory and resident birds that populate this area. The serene and foggy weather around Pookode Lake makes it the perfect getaway for visitors in need of relaxation amid nature. From peaceful boat rides to taking mystical photos to just basking in the serenity of the atmosphere, Pookode Lake has something for everyone that they would never want to miss.

• Edakkal Caves: For history enthusiasts and those who love archaeology, Edakkal Caves is a place to visit just near Banasura Hill. The ancient rock shelter on Ambukuthi Hills is renowned for the petroglyphs dating as far back as 6000 BCE. Edakkal Caves are not caves but a natural rock formation where a big boulder gets wedged between two large stones, and the result is a shelter. The trek to Edakkal Caves itself is an experience since the tourists have to trek up along hilly and bumpy roads through coffee plantations and dense jungles. The trekking is 45 minutes to an hour, and although the trekking is strenuous, the dazzling view from the top is well worth it. Upon reaching the caves, one is welcomed by a special array of petroglyphs, ranging from human beings and animals to ancient texts and geometric patterns. The carvings provide one with an understanding of the life and culture of the people who first settled in the area. Edakkal Caves are of immense archaeological significance since they are among the oldest man's habitation in South India. Historians and scholars have discovered similarities between cave symbols and those of the Indus Valley Civilization, which point towards a potential connection between these ancient civilizations. The location also provides breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding hills and valleys and hence is a fulfilling place for nature lovers and history buffs alike.

Cultural and Local Aspects of Wayanad: Indigenous Tribes, Festivals, and Folk Beliefs

Wayanad, Kerala's peaceful and picturesque district, is a heaven not only for nature lovers but also for those who enjoy culture, traditions, and folklore. Certain Indigenous tribes in the district were able to preserve their old mores, social and religious mores that bring life, and old folklore adding fairy-tale-like beauty to the hills. A knowledge of the cultural environment of Wayanad presents to us the traditional culture of the region, even as it exists despite outside forces.

Native Tribes of Wayanad and Their Traditions

Wayanad has the highest number of tribal individuals in Kerala. The Paniyas, Kurichiyas, Kattunayakans, Adiyas, and Kurumbas are the prevailing tribes in this region. They have their traditions, customs, and rituals that have been followed from generation to generation.

• Paniyas: Paniyas, meaning literally 'workers' in Malayalam, were previously bonded labour on landlord plantations. They are now agricultural labour and manual workers. They also have a unique dialect, in addition to their traditional dances and music, which at such ceremonies are normally performed. Among interesting aspects of Paniya culture is the worshipping of souls of their dead ancestors, who in their beliefs shield their relatives from harm and guide them to the righteous way during life.

• Kurichiyas: The Kurichiyas are renowned for their martial culture and were the initial ones to fight against British colonial troops. They are skilled archers and still practice traditional hunting, although now largely ceremonial in purpose. The Kurichiyas also practice matrilineal inheritance and descent through the mother. Their bamboo houses with grass roofs reflect their nature-oriented lifestyle.

• Kattunayakan: The Kattunayakans, or 'forest chiefs,' are an inaccessible tribe living mainly deep in the Wayanad forests. They live by honey gathering, forest products of small amounts, and herb medicine. They place great respect on animism, nature and religious worship. Animal sacrifice and offering in festivals for pleasing gods and scaring wild animals is one of their modes of worship.

• Adiyas: The Adiyas were occupational bonded labourers like the Paniyas, but have managed to preserve their folk culture. They are renowned for their ritual songs and dances, which they sing during harvest festival seasons and temple festivals. Adiyas also have traditional medicine in the form of herbs and know the medicinal values of herbs in the area.

• Kurumbas: Kurumbas have a shamanistic culture and rich religious heritage. They coexist with supernatural life and love to perform ceremonies so that they are not attacked by evil spirits. Nature is referred from their song as well as from folklore and traditions where nature, animals, and sky gods ideas prevail. Local Festivals and Rituals of the Hill Wayanad has numerous festivals that speak of its religious diversity and cultural abundance. The majority of these festivals are the hills, forests, and gods and goddesses inside named.

• Karkidaka Vavu: The Karkidaka Vavu, also celebrated in July, is a very important Wayanad festival, wherein they conduct offering ceremonies to ancestors. Individuals visit places around lakes and rivers and offer prayers and gifts to their ancestors, praying that the souls would be at peace.

• Thirunelli Temple Festival: The Thirunelli Lord Vishnu Temple is a pilgrim temple of ancient times in Wayanad. At the temple festival every year, thousands of pilgrims get to see tall processions, folk music, and oblations. The temple is located in the Brahmagiri hills and also believed that the sins are pardoned by the sacred Papanasini river flowing alongside the temple.

• Valliyoorkavu Festival: The Valliyoorkavu Temple, which is of Goddess Durga, has an important festival in March. The festival consists of classical tribal dances such as 'Kolkali' and 'Theyyam,' which bring mythological concepts to life through colourful costumes and choreography. Tribal communities from all directions of Wayanad take part in the festival. One of the important Christian festivals in Wayanad, the feast of the Bishop's House is celebrated with processions, prayer, and social gatherings. The festival is a reflection of religious coexistence among religious communities in the region.

Folk Tales and Legends About Wayanad

Wayanad is also dense with folklore since many tales have been passed down through the ages. Historical, mythological, and supernatural material is present in the tales, and the tales beget mysticism in the hill slopes.

• Legend of Chain Tree: One of the oldest legends still in existence about Wayanad is that of the Chain Tree legend of Lakkidi. Adivasi youth Karinthandan assisted a British engineer in finding a path through dense Wayanad forests, as per local folklore. After finding the path, the British officer betrayed and murdered Karinthandan to take credit for the discovery. Karinthandan's spirit is said to haunt travellers and cause unexplained accidents on the path. As penance for peace, a priest had his restless soul chained to a tree, which is still known today as the Chain Tree.

• Edakkal Caves and the Lost Civilization: Edakkal Caves in Ambukuthi Hills have petroglyphs of several thousands of years old. The caves also had a highly advanced species of humans who vanished mysteriously, as stated by some indigenous myths. According to others, the caves carry a gigantic history with Ramayana and Ram's sons Lava and Kusha residing in them.

• Phantom Rock and Guardian Spirit: Phantom Rock, a human-shaped rock, is guarded by a supernatural creature. People think that showing disrespect to the rock will be unfortunate. This prevents people from showing disrespect to the place when they are present there.

• The Cursed Village of Kalladi: There is another lesser-known variation of a village named Kalladi, which was cursed by a sage who had visited the place. There had been some mishaps earlier, and the villagers had abandoned their village well in advance. Locals to date avoid venturing near the area of Kalladi during the night. Adventure enthusiasts can't have an experience even remotely similar to climbing enormous mountains, gazing at the stars above, or doing weird things that test the limit of adventure and endurance. Adventure enthusiasts who go out rock climbing, make some arrangements for a rappelling session to have a shot of adrenaline, or merely organize a holiday in the shape of an unforgettable hill camp have something which they can call themselves adventure tourism. Let us see what adventure enthusiasts have to present in India's off-the-beaten-path and unknown nooks.

Rock Climbing and Rappelling Activities

Rock climbing is a physically and mentally demanding sport that demands strength, endurance, and technique. Some of the most stunning rock-climbing spots on the planet are found in India, with locations for beginners as well as professionals. From the granite boulders of Hampi in Karnataka to the gigantic Sar Pass cliffs of Himachal Pradesh, rock climbing spots galore are found all over the country. Badami, Karnataka is famous for rock climbing sports. Badami red sandstone cliffs are the ideal place for any sports climber or a conventional climber. The more than 70-foot tall cliffs of varying heights have varying levels of difficulty and hence it is the ideal place for all climbers regardless of their experience. Ramanagara, located just outside Bengaluru, is another climber's paradise. It is also very popular because it has an odd formation of rocks and is historic as it is the shooting location of the film Sholay, which is one of the best classic Bollywood films. For thrill-seekers seeking a combination of rappelling and rock climbing, spots such as Malshej Ghat in Maharashtra, Pachmarhi in Madhya Pradesh, and Shey Rock in Ladakh offer spectacular cliffs that have been utilized as the route for treks. Rappelling or abseiling is controlled, slow down-rope on rock faces. It is an adrenaline sport because adventure sports lovers get a chance to glide down cliffs over scenic landscapes.

Camping Sites Around the Hill

Hill camping is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, and nature lovers take refuge from city chaos. From Himachal Pradesh's lush forests, and Uttarakhand's peaceful valleys, to Ladakh's mountainous hills, there are various campsites. For all the hill campers, Triund in the vicinity of McLeod Ganj is one of them. Triund trek is of moderate difficulty but the sight is breathtakingly wide-angle panorama of Dhauladhar ranges. Campers can camp at the site which boasts a campsite with bonfires, star gazing, and a mountain breeze to relish. Sandhan Valley in Maharashtra is another private campsite. Popularly known as the "Grand Canyon of India," Sandhan Valley is an adventure sport that includes trekking, climbing, and camping. Sandhan Valley's boulder-strewn gorge of boulder-strewn rocks is the perfect place to camp on a night filled with stars. For the person seeking a peaceful but offbeat camping experience, Arunachal Pradesh's Tawang is a countryside retreat. In its virgin lakes, Buddhist monasteries, and snow-covered mountains, camping in Tawang is a soul pilgrimage for one.

Second, Rishikesh, India's adventure capital, is highly renowned for river camping. The camps are lined up in a row along the banks of the Ganges and provide a good platform for adventure seekers to try rafting, night firecrackers, and yoga in the wild. Apart from unusual adventure sports, India also has unusual adventures that are no longer appropriate for the term adventure. One of them is caving. Several such cave complexes in Meghalaya offer adventure seekers the opportunity to creep along dark and eerie underground caves adorned with a series of stalactites and stalagmites against the walls. Siju, Mawsmai, and Liat Prah caves are a couple of them that are some of the most frequented such caves and provide an unblemished spine-tingling experience. For every ice-adventure lover, Chadar Trek in Ladakh is a test. It is traversing the frozen Zanskar River whose temperature drops as low as -30 degrees Celsius. The experience of walking on an ice-created glacier with vertical cliffs on either side is surreal and far from weak hearts.

And yet another unconventional experience is paragliding in Bir Billing, Himachal Pradesh. The paragliding hub of India, Bir Billing boasts the best flying thermals in India. Flying high above the ground with nothing but panoramic views of mountains and valleys below one is an experience that one would never be able to erase from their mind. For those who crave adventure in the desert, sandboarding and dune bashing at Jaisalmer is a shot of adrenaline on Rajasthan's golden sands. Cruising on bumpy SUVs on rolling dunes and gliding down the inclining dunes on a sandboard is an experience in itself. For a completely different experience, go for a scuba diving tour to Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Since the hills and treks are the first thing that comes to mind in India for everyone, the Andaman Islands possess a vibrant marine life with coral reefs having sea animals, endangered fish, and even ships that have sunk. Scuba diving beneath the sea in crystal clear water and playing with different sea creatures is an experience that brings forth a new kind of fascination.

How to Reach Banasura Hill

Banasura Hill is in Wayanad, Kerala, and is a scenic trekking spot that fascinates nature enthusiasts and adventure tourists. Banasura Hill is in the Western Ghats and is the second-highest point in the area. Banasura Hill is inaccessible as it is reachable by road, rail, and air. This guidebook includes general information on surrounding cities, transportation, and tourist facilities information on roads connecting main cities such as Bangalore, Kochi, and Mysore.

Surrounding Cities and Transport Facilities

Banasura Hill is situated in the Wayanad district and, as such, Kalpetta is the closest town and best spot for tourists to unwind. The surrounding cities are Kozhikode, Mysore, and Bangalore. The following are the modes of transport:

By Airport: The closest airport to Banasura Hill is Calicut International Airport (Kozhikode Airport) (CCJ), 85 km. It is connected with other Indian cities such as Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, and Delhi. Taxi or bus booking is possible from the airport to Kalpetta or Mananthavady, the closest town to Banasura Hill.

• Other closest airport facilities are: Kannur International Airport – About 100 km away

• How to reach Wayanad from airports: Mysore Airport – Approximately 140 km, Bangalore Kempegowda International Airport – Approximately 300 km

By Train: There is no station, but the closest station is: Kozhikode Railway Station (Calicut) – 80 km. Mysore Railway Station – 140 km, Kannur Railway Station – 115 km. It is possible to proceed to Wayanad from the aforesaid railway stations by taxis or buses. Special trains from Mumbai, Bangalore, and Chennai have their terminals at the Kozhikode Railway Station.

By Bus: There are daily buses operated by private companies as well as by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) from other towns, i.e., Kochi, Bangalore, Mysore, and the like to Wayanad.

• The most travelled routes are: Bangalore to Mananthavady/Kalpetta – Semi-sleeper as well as sleeper overnight ride.

• Mysore to Wayanad – There are plenty of regular KSRTC as well as private buses.

• Wayanad to Kozhikode – Daily, regular daily bus connection is easily available in around 2-3 hours.